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Year 4 Livestock and One Health > Poultry: Backyard Poultry > Flashcards

Poultry: Backyard Poultry Flashcards

1
Q

What are different type of common poultry breeds?

A

Pure breeds
Outdoor hybrids
Commercial hybrids- rescued battery hens

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2
Q

Match the breed name to the picture:
* Cochin
* Malay
* Old English Game Bantam
* Ancona
* Hampshire Red
* Brahma
* Plymouth Rock
* Scots Grey

A
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3
Q

What are examples of outdoor hybrids?

A
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4
Q
  1. What is housing important for?
  2. What is important inside housing?
A
  1. Protection, adverse weather conditions, predators- rodents, wild animals, birds of prey
  2. Temperature, ventilation, dustiness, ammonia
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5
Q

What is the definition of free-range poultry?

A

During daylight poultry has access to:
ground with vegetation, mud and nettles, bark, woodchips, gravel or mesh

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6
Q

What are the 5 freedoms?

A
  • Freedom from hunger and thirst
  • Freedom from discomfort
  • Freedom from pain, injury or disease
  • Freedom to express normal behaviour
  • Freedom from fear and distress
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7
Q

What does improper handling result in?

A

Respiratory distress
Skeletal injuries
Stress
Death

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8
Q

What is a normal TPR for a bird?

A

Temperature- 40-42 C
Heart rate- 120-160bpm
Respiratory rate- 20-130pm

Ascultate HR through wishbone

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9
Q

What is assesed during a clinical examination?

A
  • Temperature
  • Mouth
  • Oropharynx
  • External Parasites*
  • Skin, feather, scales
  • Vent
  • Abdomen

*-lice, red mite, northern fowl mite, scaly leg mite, de-pluming mite

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10
Q

What are the two sites used for taking blood samples?

A

Wing vein- extend out wing, pluck feathers parallel towards chicken
Jugular- right it bigger

Birds RBCs nucleated

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10
Q

What are the two sites used for taking blood samples?

A

Wing vein- extend out wing, pluck feathers parallel towards chicken
Jugular- right it bigger

Birds RBCs nucleated

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11
Q

How can a faecal sample be taken?
What can faecal samples show?

A

Clocacal swab or dropping
* Parasitic eggs or oocyst- gizzard worm, trichostrongyle, heterakis, gapeworm, capilaria
* Protozoal oocyst- eimeria

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12
Q

How should a healthy chickens head appear?

A

Nostril- dry
Comb- red
Eyes- bright
Beak- normal shape/occlusion
Feathers- present and shiny
Bird BAR

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13
Q

How is a chicken BCS found?

A

Pin bones- fat coverage
Breast muscle- fitness
Scale of 1-5

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14
Q

What are the bones from proximal to distal in wings and legs of birds?

A

Wings- humerus, radius/ulna, fused metacarpal, alula, digits
Legs- femur, tibiotarsus, tarsometatarsus (shank), spur, digits

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15
Q

What skeletal conditions can affect poultry?

A

Fractures
Kyphosis
Scoliosis
Spondylosis
Bent breastbone
Rickets
Bent toes
Roach back

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16
Q

What skin glands do poultry have?

A

No skin glands, sebaceous or swear
Specialised glands-Uropygieal gland
Within outer auditory canal
Ventral glands of cloaca

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17
Q

Where is a brood patch on poultry?
What controls it?
What happens prior to laying?

A
  • Different species have different proportion/location
  • Mostly caudal half of the ventral apterium
  • Hormone controlled
  • Prior to laying- brood patch looses all/part feathers and highly vascularised
  • Many thermo-receptors
  • Subsequent cycle of moulting, feathers regrown
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18
Q

What are the functions of feathers?

A
  • Flight
  • Insulation- temp and incubation
  • Behaviour
  • Moulting
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19
Q

How are poultry species wing clipped?

A

With a sharp scissors clip the first 10 long feathers on one wing only

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20
Q

What problems can be related to feathers?

A
  • Feather pecking
  • Moulting
  • Wing clipping
  • Nutrition related
  • De-pluming mite
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21
Q

What is the indication of skin problems?
How can it present differently?

A

Discoloured comb
* Pale
* Purple
* Black
* Yellow
* White flakes
* White spots

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22
Q

What condition is affecting this chicken?

A

Pox virus infection

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23
Q

What skin conditions can affect poultry?

A
  • Pox virus
  • Fungal infection
  • Breast blister
  • Ear infection
  • Ringworm
  • Bumble foot
  • Spurs
  • Vent pecking
  • Erysipelas- bacterial
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24
Q

What are the parasites that can infect the skin?

A

Lice
Red mite
Northern fowl mite
Scaly leg mite
De-plimbing mite

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25
Q

What conditions do the following images show?

A
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26
Q

What are the different broad ways to control external poultry parasites?

A

Biosecurity
Managment
Medication- treat birds and hideaways

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27
Q

How can different external parasites be treated in poultry?

A

Lice: louse powder
Mites: live powder if contains permethrin
Diatomaceous earth (detoxifying)
Scaly leg mite: surgical spirit
De-pluming- do not use fipronil

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28
Q

Name the organs of the digestive tract from cranial to caudal?

A
  • Beak
  • Mouth
  • Crop
  • Proventriculus and Gizard
  • Intestines
  • Pancreas
  • Liver
  • Caeca
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29
Q

How does the proventriculus and gizzard function?

A
  • Food moves fowards and back several times
  • Works like stomach and teeth
  • ‘teeth’ gizzard must have insoluble grit
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30
Q

What are the internal parasites that can affect poultry, where are they found?

A

Capillaria: intestine- ill thrift, fatal
Heterakis: caeca- ill thrift, vector: histomonas spp
Ascarids: intestine- ill thrift, fatal if impaction
Trichostrongyles: intestine- ill thrift, severe weight loss (red grouse)
Tape worm: intestine- ill thrift, weight loss
Gizzard worm: gizzard, fatal in young stock
Gapeworm

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31
Q

What does this image show?

A

Ascarid impaction

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32
Q

What does this image show?

A

Gapeworm

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33
Q

How are internal nematodes in poultry treated?

A

Flubendazole- licensed wormer
in food for 7 days

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34
Q

What protozoa can affect poultry?
How is it controlled?

A

Eimeria spp
Control:
Biosecurity
Managment- density, hygiene and sanitation

35
Q

What causes black head in chickens?
What are the clinical signs

A

Histomonosis
H.gallinarum
Turkeys, peasants, qual, peacocks and guinea fowl
Yellow diarrhoea, fatality

36
Q

What does trichomonosis cause in poultry?

A

Cancker in chicken, turkey and pheasants
Worm regularly, cider vinegar
Probiotics

37
Q

What does haxamitosis cause in poultry?

A

Diarrhoea and unthriftness in turkeys, pheasants, pigeons

38
Q

What non-parasitic digestive problems can occur in poultry?

A
  • Sour crop/Crop mycosis
  • Impacted/pendulous crop
  • Impacted gizzard
  • Bacterial infections (E.coli, campylo, salmonella, clostridium)
  • Viral (rotavirus, reovirus, coronavirus, astrovirus)
  • Nutritional diarrhoea
  • Nurtrional disorders
39
Q

What digestice tract problem does this photo show?

A

Impacted gizzard

40
Q

What bacteria is the cause of spotty liver?

A

Campylobacter

41
Q

What causes nutritonal disorders?

A

Fatty liver syndrome

42
Q

What can be non-infectious causes of respiratory related problems?

A
  • Tumours
  • Behaviour
  • Nutrition
  • Managment
  • Environmental
  • Physical
  • Chemical
43
Q

What are the signs of respiratory related problems?

A
  • Nasal discharge
  • Noisy breathing
  • Head shaking
  • Blocked nares
  • Coughing
  • Sneezing
  • Gasping
44
Q

What are the different infectious causes of respiratory disease?

A
  • Infectious bronchitis
  • Avian metapneumovirus
  • Infectious laryngotracheitis
  • Mycoplasmosis
  • Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale
  • Aspergillosis
  • Gapeworm
  • Chlamydiosis
  • Newcaste- notifiable
  • Avian influenza- notifiable/zoonotic
  • Pigeon paramyxovirus- notifiable
45
Q

What are the clinical signs to chalmydiosis?

A

Purulent ocular and nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, dull and depressed, no response to macrolides
Zoonois
Swabs for culture, isolation and identification

46
Q

What respiratory infection does this show?

A

Aspergillus funigatus
Dyspnea, production drops
Zoonoses

47
Q

How long does egg production take in the following locations?
1. Infundibulum
2. Magnum
3. Isthmus
4. Uterus
5. Vagina to cloaca

A
  1. 0.5 hour- capture ovum
  2. 3 hr- albumin added
  3. Isthmus- 1.25hr- shell membranes added
  4. 20hr- shell added
  5. Vagina to cloaca
48
Q

How long is incubation for the following species?
1. Chicken
2. Turkey
3. Duck
4. Duck Muscovy
5. Pheasant
6. Partridge
7. Pigeon
8. Geese
9. Quail

A
  1. 21 days
  2. 28 days
  3. 28 days
  4. 35 days
  5. 24-26 days
  6. 23-24 days
  7. 16-19 days
  8. 28-33 days
  9. 16-18 days
49
Q

What do eggs needed to be protected agains?

A
  • Wild birds
  • Rodents
  • Other poultry
  • Wild animals
  • Insects
50
Q

How should eggs be stored and incubated?

A

Over 24hrs <7 days
Storage at 10 degrees, turn eggs daily
Washing with warm water

51
Q
  1. What is candling?
  2. When is it done?
  3. How is it done?
A
  1. 9-10 days after incubation
    Determines fertiligy of eggs
  2. Use small bright torch, held at broad end of egg
52
Q

What is needed to rear chicks?

A

Warmth- best ceramic lamb, brooder
Food- chick crumbs in scratch proof feeder
Water- spill-proof drinker, wash and clean daily
Litter- wood shavings, newspaper, commercial litter

53
Q

How can chicks be sexed?

A
54
Q

What are potential problems for breeder/layers?

A
  • Oviduct infection
  • Egg peritonitis- common in good layers, ascites, peritonitis, death
  • IBV infection- mis-shapen/weak eggs, watery whites, rough shell
  • M synovaie- apex egg abnormalities
  • Egg bound- lack of Ca
  • Vent gleet
  • Pyometra
55
Q

What can poultry vertically transmit?

A

Viruses
* reovirus- viral arthritis
* Retrovirus- lymphoid leucosis
* Adenovirus- marple disease, egg drop syndrome, turkey haemorrhagic enteritis
* Astroviruses
Bacteria
* Salmonella
* E.coli
* Staphylocci
* Mycoplasma
Fungus
* Aspergillus

56
Q

What is the main disease presentation to affect the urinary tract in poultry?
What can cause it?

A

Nephritis and nephrosis
Non-infectious cause- Water deprivation, water/feed quality
Infectious
Infectious cause
IBV
IBDV
Mareks
Bacterial infection
Uroliths

57
Q

What non-infectious and infectious can cause nervous system problems?

A

Non-infectious
Poison- botulism, heavy metals, phenol, salt
Nutritional- deficiency (A, E, thiamine)

Infectious
NDV, AIV, Aspergillus

58
Q

What disease casues this presentation?

A

NDV or Aspergillus spp

59
Q

What disease causes these presentation?

A

Mareks disease virus

60
Q

What diseases are immune system related?

A

Infectious bursal disease virus
Chicken anaemia virus
Mareks virus
Reticuloendotheliosis
Reovirus
Haemorrhagic enteritis virus
Mycotoxicosis

61
Q

How can poultry be anaesthetised?

A

Ketamine- 10mg/kg for upto 1kg, 5mg/kg for over 2kg, SC/IM
Isoflurane/Sevoflurance- intubation
Raise head to prevent regurgiation of crop contents

Ket- beware of flapping on recovery

61
Q

How can poultry be anaesthetised?

A

Ketamine- 10mg/kg for upto 1kg, 5mg/kg for over 2kg, SC/IM
Isoflurane/Sevoflurance- intubation
Raise head to prevent regurgiation of crop contents

61
Q

How can poultry be anaesthetised?

A

Ketamine- 10mg/kg for upto 1kg, 5mg/kg for over 2kg, SC/IM
Isoflurane/Sevoflurance- intubation
Raise head to prevent regurgiation of crop contents

62
Q

What analgesia can be used for poultry?

A

Buprenorphine (0.01-0.05mg/kg IM)
Carprofen (5-10mg/kg IM)
Ketoprofen (5-10mg/kg IM)
Meloxicam (2-10mg/kg IM)
Then orally to weight

63
Q

What is required for poultry emergency and critical care?

A
  • Keep warm
  • position not to restrict breathing
  • Oxygen as needed
  • Glucose
  • Quiet environment
  • Fluid- subcut, IV or IO
  • Crop feeding with electrolytes
64
Q

What vaccines are used in vaccine that can be used in backyard?

A

Mareks, IBV, NDV, Coccidial, aMPV, Salmonella

65
Q

How can poultry be euthanised?

A

Pentobarbitone
IV- wing, jugular
IM- breast
Intracardiac- long needle via thoracic in-let
Occipital sinus

Neck dislocation for those <3kg

66
Q

What are the following breeds?

A
67
Q

Name the breeds

A
68
Q

What access to water do waterfowl need?

A

Not only for drinking
Also to be able to get their head under water
Ponds- natural or artificial

69
Q

What breed of geese is this?

A

Toulouse- greylag with lumpy necks

70
Q

Name the geese breeds?

A
71
Q

What can be use to catch, handle and restrain swans?

A

Swan jackets

72
Q

Where is blood samples from wildfowl?

A

Medial metatarsal vein

73
Q

What can be some neonatal problems?

A

Starving
Yolk-sac infection
Yolk-sac retention/rupture
Chilling
Leg and wing deformities
Infections- E.coli, Aspergillus fumigatus

74
Q

What is angel wing?
How is it treated?

A

Excessive protein intake during rearing can cause uratesto to be deposited in soft joints
Primary feathers are last to be produced
Carpal joint deforms and with the weight of quills so primaries point outwards
Decrease the protein

75
Q

How does rickets commonly present?
Solution?

A

Presented as lameness, slow growth and twistd bones
Solution: check diet formulation/managment and supplement vitamin D

76
Q

What viral infectious diseases can affects waterfowl?

A
  • Duck viral enteritis- herpes
  • Duck viral hepatitis- picornavirus
  • Goose viral hepatitis
  • Haemorrhagic nephritis, enteritis of geese
  • Avian influenza
77
Q

What bacterial/fungal infectious disease can infect waterfowl?

A
  • Mycoplasmosis
  • Salmonellosis
  • E.coli
  • Pasturella. multocida/anatipestifer
  • Chlamydiophilosis
  • Yersioniosis
  • Avian TB
  • Aspergillosis
  • Candidiasis
78
Q

What parasitic disease can infect waterfowl?

A
  • Coccidiosis
  • Trichmonosis
  • Schistosomosis
  • Haemoparasites
  • Parasitic worms- gapeworms, gizzard worms, capillaria, heterakis, conjunctival
  • Feather lice
  • Air sac mites
  • Leeches
79
Q

Most common signs of disease in waterfowl?

A

Lameness
Lethargy
Weight loss
Sudden death

80
Q

What non-infectious conditions can affect waterfowl?

A
  • Bumble foot
  • Oil contamination
  • Grass ball under tongue
  • Wet feathers- mould spored
  • Frostbite
  • Toxitcities
81
Q

What neoplasia can affect waterfowl?

A

Osteosarcoma
Hepatic tumours

82
Q

How can fractures in legs be treated in waterfowl?

A
  • Treat shock
  • Rigid stabilisation
  • Rotational alignment
  • IM pin and ESF
  • Clean water swimming for rehab
83
Q

What can cause a penile prolapse in waterfowl?

A
  • Venereal disease
  • Trauma
  • Significant cold weather
  • Excessive sexual stimulation

Ulceration and necrosis
Consider amputation

Year 4 Livestock and One Health (58 decks)

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