Nutrition and GI: Trace Elements in Cattle Flashcards
How many essential trace elements are there?
About 26
- What elements are more commonly deficient?
- What elements can be toxic?
- Se, I, Mn, Co, Zn,
- Cu, Se, I, Co, Cd, Pb
Elements in excess- Fe, S, Mo, Al, Se
- How are most 2+ cations transported?
- How can one 2+ cation be transported?
- What are chelated minerals?
- Mn, Co, Fe, Cu
- Cu can with S and Mo
- Minerals bound to something- usually an amino acid, so pass through aino acid transporter
What are the impact of trace element deficiencies?
- Reduced growth and production
- Reduced immunity- Cu and Se
Specific syndromes
* Cu- swayback, coat colour, falling disease
* Selenium- white muscle disease, cardiomyopathies
* Cobalt- reduced growth, wool changes
* Iodine- weak neonates
* Iodine and selenium- still birth/weak calf syndrome
What are the sources of trace elements?
- Grass- content varies
- Forage
- Striaght feed
- Compond feeds
- Blends
- In-feed minerals
Then supplements- feed access minerals, mineral blocks, drenches
What animals are at risk or less risk of TE deficiencies?
Animals grazing
* Beef cows and calves
* Fattening cattle
* Dairy heifers prior to first calving
Dairy cows not- get concentrates
How are trace element deficiencies diagnosed?
History- at pasture with no supplements
Blood samples
* Se- GSHPx- 60 days ago
* Cu- how much is being transported- not liver
* Co- vit B12
* Iodine- PII
What is the purpose of maximum permitted levels of minerals in the complete diet?
Assessed to be a safety risk to- animals, consumers, environment, users
* Apply to complete diet- feeds, supplements, water
- Where is copper stored?
- What does toxicity cause?
- What sheep are susceptible to deficiency and toxicity?
- Stored in liver
- Haemolytic crisis- jaundice and death
- Texel- toxicity, North Rondaldsey- very sensitive to toxicity, Scottish blackface- deficiency
Rank the following forages for copper availability?
Maize silage
Whole crop silage
Grass silage
Maize silage- 87%
Whole crop 69%
Grass silage 49%
How can liver copper status be checked?
Check before supplementing
Liver from cull cows
Liver biopsy- very easy and safe, R flank, biopsy needle
Sulphur and Mo added to diet reduce Cu
How can Cu be supplemented?
- Pasture dressing- CuSO4 (old)
- S/C injections
- Intra-ruminal bolus
How can over supplementation occur?
- Multiple supplementary feeds- licks, bolus, feeds
- Boluses
- Anthelmintic drenches- Se/Co
What does zinc defiency effect?
- Immune status- endometritis, mastitis
- Teratogenic effects- congenital abnormalities (foetus)
- Hoof horn and hair integrity- teat keratin- mastitis
Usually caused by lower appetite and feed intake
How do selenium and vitamin E interact?
Se mainly incorporated into antioxidant enzyme Gluthathione peroxidase (GSHPx)
Selenium aids retention of vitE in plasma
Vit E maintains Se in body in active GSHPx form
(prevents destruction of lipid membranes, inhibits peroxides)
