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Year 4 Livestock and One Health > Small Ruminants: Sudden Death, Clostridial and Notifiable Diseases > Flashcards

Small Ruminants: Sudden Death, Clostridial and Notifiable Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the differentials for lambs under 1 week old with sudden death?

A
  • Congenital issue
  • Birth trauma
  • Starvation
  • Hypothermia
  • Clostridial disease- lamb dysentry, tetanus
  • Neonatal infections- menigitis, septicaemia, watery mouth
  • Intestinal torsion
  • Predators
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2
Q

What are the differentials for older lambs from sudden death?

A
  • Infections- clostridial disease (pulpy kidney, braxy, abomastitis, tetanus), Pasturellosis (M. haemolytica
  • Urolithiasis
  • Parasitic gastroenteritis- N. battus
  • Acute fluke
  • Haemonchosis
  • Rumen Acidosis
  • Plant poisoning
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3
Q

What are the differentials for sudden death in adult sheep?

A
  • Metabolic disease- hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia
  • Parasitic disease- fluke, haemonchosis
  • Plant poisoning- rhodendron, yew, laurel, acorns
  • Infection- pasturellosis, toxaemia
  • Clostridial disease- struck, black leg, black’s disease, tetanus
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4
Q
  1. When is plant poisoning usually common?
  2. What are common causes?
  3. What are the clinical signs and treatment?
A
  1. Usually when lack of other available food- starvation, frost- Need to have access
  2. Yew, Acord, Laurel, Rhodendron
  3. Sudden Death, Abdominal pain, neurological signs
    Treatment- Supportive, rumenotomy
    DX- PME, History, Examine field
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5
Q
  1. What causes pneumonic pasturellosis?
  2. What is the disease associated with?
  3. How is it controlled and treated?
A
  1. Manhaemia haemolytica- normal inhabitant of nasopharynx
  2. Disease associated with other risk factors- poor colostrum, stress, weather, acidosis, PGE, etc
  3. Tx- LA oxytet, amoxicillin
    Controlled- vaccination (primary course from 3wo, booster pre-lambing
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6
Q
  1. What pathogen causes systemic pasturellosis?
  2. When can it cause sudden death?
  3. What can cause it?
  4. How can it be treated and controlled?
A
  1. Biebersteinia trehalosi- normal inhabitant of URT
  2. Sudden death approx 6-10 mo lambs
  3. Change in grazing, change of weather, concurrent disease
  4. Tx- LA oxytet, vaccination, control risk factors
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7
Q
  1. What is clostridial disease often associated with?
  2. Describe the pathogenesis
  3. How is it diagnosed and prevented?
A
  1. Poor hygiene, injury trauma, insult, wounds, endoparasites, changes in diets
  2. Anaerobic micro-environments in tissues lead to organisms multipling rapidly and produce toxins- animal usually dies rapidly
  3. Dx- history and PM, prevention- vaccination and hygiene

Ubiquitous in environment

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8
Q

What kind of pathogens are clostridial diseases?
How are they grouped?

A

Anaerobic gram positive rods
Grouped according to organ systems:
* enterotoxaemia
* parenchymatous organs (liver and kidney)
* myonecrosis and toxaemia,
* Neurotropic

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9
Q
  1. What can cause enterotoaemic/parenchymatous organs?
  2. What do the following different clostridial species cause?
  3. Cl perfringens
  4. Cl novyi
  5. Cl septicum
  6. Cl sordelli
A
  1. Dietary change and over consumption concentrate feed
  3. Cl perfringens- B-lamb enterotoxaemia dysentry, C- struck enterotoxaemia, D-pulpy kidney nephrotoxicity
  4. Cl novyi- (B black disease hepatotoxic (with fluke))
  5. Cl septicum- braxy- sudden death (abdominal pain)
  6. Cl sordelli- abomastitis
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10
Q

What causes clostridial disease myonecrosis and toxaemia?

A

Contamination of wounds
* Lambing, castration/tail docking, injections, fighting injuries

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11
Q

What different species of clostridia cause the following?
1. Black leg
2. Big head
3. Malignant oedema

How is it controlled?

A
  1. Cl chauvoei
  2. Cl novyi A
  3. Cl septicum

Vaccination and good hygiene

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12
Q
  1. What species of clostridia causes botulism?
  2. Where does it come from?
  3. What does it cause?
A
  1. Cl botulinum C
  2. Pasture contaiminated poultry manure
  3. Flaccid paralysis and death
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13
Q

What species of clostridia causes tetanus?
How is it caught?
What does it cause?

A

Cl tetani
Wounds- docking, castration
Spastic paralysis

PTS

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14
Q
  1. What causes lamb dysentery
  2. What age of lambs are affected?
  3. What can lead to an outbreak?
  4. What are the risk factors?
  5. How does it present?
  6. How is it diagnosed?
A
  1. Clostridum perfringens type B
  2. Lambs under 3 weeks old
  3. Unvaccinated flocks, missed ewe or lack of colostrum
  4. Over crowding and hygiene
  5. Severe abdominal pain, blood diarrhoea
  6. Dx- haemorrhagic enteritis, blood stained fluid in body cavity and pericardium, ELISA for toxins/culture
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15
Q
  1. What causes pulpy kidney?
  2. What age of lambs are affected?
  3. What can increase the risk?
  4. What are the clinical signs?
  5. What are the PM changes?
A
  1. C perfringens type D- most common
  2. 4-10 weeks or finishing lambs 6 mo+
  3. High levels of concentrate feed
  4. May see ataxia, opisthotonus, sudden death
  5. PM changes- changes to kidneys, blood stained fluid body cavity, ELISA for toxins, culture
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16
Q
  1. What clostridia causes abomasitisand toxaemia?
  2. What age of lambs?
  3. What increases risk?
  4. What are the signs?
  5. How is it diagnosed?
A
  1. Clostridium sordelli
  2. 4-10 weeks old
  3. Intensive concentrate fed lambs
  4. Sudden death, or bloat due to displaced and distended abomasum
  5. Dx P.M culture IFAT
17
Q
  1. What causes braxy?
  2. When and who are affected?
  3. What causes black’s disease?
  4. What can black’s be secondary to?
  5. What does PM show for blacks?
A
  1. Clostridium septicum
  2. Unvaccinated lambs, autumn/winter
  3. Cl novyi type B
  4. Secondary to fluke
  5. Blood stained fluid body cavity, necrotic liver, fluke present
18
Q

How can clostridial diseases be controlled as a whole?

A
  • Hygiene
  • Clean equipment
  • Clean needles
  • Avoid injecting wet/muddy sheep
  • Clean wounds and ABs where required
  • Care when concentrate feeding

Vaccination-
Purified toxoids, monovalent and polyvalent, protect breeding ewe simulataneously protect lamb through colostrum by vaccinating her about 4 weeks before lambing annual booster
Need to start own vaccination course from 3 weeks

19
Q

What are the different clostridial vaccines available?

A

Covexin- 8 and 10
Bravovoxin 10
Heptavac P Plus

20
Q

What history should be gathered for sudden death?

A
  • One or many
  • Clinical signs of any others in group
  • Age
  • Season
  • Proximity to lambing
  • Indoors or grazing
  • Changed in managment
  • Weather changes
  • Recent treatments
  • Vaccination history
  • Anthelmintic treatments
  • Recent gathering or handling
21
Q

What should be investigated on a farm after sudden deaths?

A
  • Observe the group
  • Clinical exam of live sheep: BCS, Anaemia, Bloat, Abdom pain
  • Environment- feed quality/quantity, access to poisons, ventillation
  • PM as many as possible
22
Q

What are the notifiable diseases of sheep?

A
  1. Anthrax
  2. Blue tongue
  3. Brucells melitenis
  4. Contagious agalactaie
  5. Contagious epididymitis
  6. Foot and mouth disease
  7. Pest des petits ruminants sheep and goats
  8. Rift valley fever
  9. Scrapie
  10. Sheep pox
23
Q
  1. What pathogen causes anthrax
  2. What does the PME show?
A
  1. Bacillus anthracis- sudden death
  2. PME- splenomegaly (soft tar)
24
Q
  1. What are the clinical signs of FMD in sheep?
  2. What are the DDxs?
  3. How is it controlled?
A
  1. Lameness, blisters on tongue (spread direct- air/fomites)
  2. DDxs- Orf, blue tongue, trauma, CODD, foot abscess
  3. National/international restrictions, biosecurity, early detection- suspect disease contact
25
Q
  1. What species are affected by blue tongue?
  2. What are the clinical signs?
  3. How is it transmitted?
A
  1. Ruminants- cattle, sheep, goats and camelids
  2. Fever, mouth ulcerations, mucus from nose and eyes, swellinh head and neck and coronary band, lamenss, high mortality
  3. Insect vectors

24 serotypes

25
Q
  1. What species are affected by blue tongue?
  2. What are the clinical signs?
  3. How is it transmitted?
A
  1. Ruminants- cattle, sheep, goats and camelids
  2. Fever, mouth ulcerations, mucus from nose and eyes, swellinh head and neck and coronary band, lamenss, high mortality
  3. Insect vectors

24 serotypes
Vaccination programme- UK clear

26
Q
  1. What is contagious agalactia characterised by?
  2. What is the main pathogen for the cause of disease?
  3. How is it spread?
  4. How is it diagnosed?
A
  1. Characterised by mastitis, arthritis, keratoconjunctivits, abortion
    CS- weight loss, swollen joints, shrivelled or swollen udders, less milk yield, swollen or infected eyes
  2. Mycoplasma agalactiae is the main cause of the disease in sheep and goats
  3. Difinitive diagnosis- bacterial culture and PCR milk, conjunctival and ear swabs/joint fluid
27
Q
  1. What is clasical scrapie?
  2. What are the features of prion disease?
A
  1. Infectious neurological disease of sheep, fatal chronic progressive, brain disease of sheep
  2. Very resistant to heat, disinfecancs, UV light, causes abnormal protein to accumulate causing dysfunction, verticl transmission, birth fluids
28
Q

What are the clinical signs of scrapie?

A
  • Progressive fatal neurological disease- long incubation
  • 2-5 years old
  • Single animal
  • Neurolocial- altered mental state, trembling, high step ataxia, recumbancy
  • Skin- pruritis, scratching
  • Weight loss
  • Death

Report to AHVLA

29
Q

How is scrapie statutorily controlled?

A
  • Testing scheme
  • UK test anually on fallen stock
  • TSE feed controls- no animal protein to ruminants
  • SRM control at abbatoirs
30
Q

Who partake in private scrapie control?

A
  • SRUC
  • Pedigree breeding stock
  • Scrapie monitoring scheme
  • Scrapie genotyping scheme

Year 4 Livestock and One Health (58 decks)

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