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Year 4 Livestock and One Health > Nutrition and GI: Conditions of the GI tract > Flashcards

Nutrition and GI: Conditions of the GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of bloat?

A
  1. Free gas bloat- less common- obstruction
  2. Frothy bloat- more common, stable foam produced on top of rumen liquid blocks gas release
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2
Q

What are the clinical signs of bloat?

A
  • Rumen on LHS- distended
  • Often painful, reluctant to move and eat
  • Respiratory distress
  • Death can occur quickly
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3
Q

What can cause free gas bloat?

A

Obstruction of oesophagus
* FB- spuds/placenta
* Chronic pneumonia- mediastinal abscess/tuburcle

Other conditions which interfere with rumenoreticular motility

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4
Q

What causes frothy bloat?

A
  • Occurs most common in animals on alfalfa, lucerne or clover
  • Rapidly digested in the rumen and form fine particles that trap gas bubbles
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5
Q

How is free gas bloat treated?

A
  • Pass stomach tube
  • Trochar
  • Chronic bloat- red devil, rumen fistula

Treat underlying condition

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6
Q

What are specfic signs of oesophageal obstruction?

A
  • Inability to swallow
  • Regurgitation of feed and H2O
  • Drooling
  • Bloat
  • Stop eating
  • Restless
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7
Q

How is obstructional bloat treated?

A
  • Conservative
  • Many self resolve
    1. Starve and observe
    2. Sedate
    3. Buscopan
    4. Flunixin

Manual removal
* Gag and pass hand into back of pharynx
* Assitant push FB up

Cardia: push into rumen

If unsuccessful-
1. trocharise to relieve bloat
2. Feed via rumen
3. Wait till obstruction passes
4. Warn owner of possible oesophageal damage/necrosis

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8
Q

How is frothy bloat treated?

A
  1. Pass stomach tube
  2. Trochar
  3. Surfactant then excercise- oils, commercial preparatoin
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9
Q

How is frothy bloat prevented?

A
  • Aboid high risk pastures
  • Buffer feed
  • Strip graze
  • Antifoaming agents- spray grass
  • Remove animals with recurrent bloat
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10
Q

What is the common history of traumatic reticulitis?

A
  1. Sudden milk drop
  2. Hunched appearance
  3. Stiff gait
  4. Inappetent
  5. Often fed a TMR
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11
Q
  1. Where does the reticulum lie?
  2. What are its contractions?
A
  1. Opposite 6-8th rib LHS
  2. 3 rumen/reticular contractions
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12
Q

What happens in the primary and secondary rumen contraction?

A

Primary
* Mixing
* Contraction of reticulum then rumen

Secondary
* Rumen contraction
* Starts in caudal rumen
* Eructation

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13
Q

Order of primary rumen contractions:
1. Reticular
2. Reticular
3. Dorsal rumen
4. Ventral rumen

What happens to each

A
  1. Coarse material to dorsal sac
  2. Fine material to cranio-dorsal, fine material to omasum
  3. Fine material to craniodorsal, coarse circled, some ventral sac exchange
  4. Fine material to cranial blind, exchange with dorsal, some fine to cranio-dorsal
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14
Q

How is traumatic reticulitis diagnosed?

A

Eric williams test
* Listen over trachea
* Feel rumen contractions in L flank

Withers pinch- abdominal pain
Pole test- abdominal test
Faeces- stiffer with long fibre (individual not SARA)
WBC- non specific

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15
Q

Describe the eric williams test

A

Primary cycle
* Place right hand in left sub lumbar fossa
* Stethoscope over trachea
* Feel contraction
* No eructation

Secondary cycle
* Feel contractoin
* Observe eruction

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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of traumatic reticuilitis?

A
  • Sudden onset
  • Increased temp- 39.5
  • Reduced rumen contractions
  • Eric williams test- +ve, then -ve later on
  • Hunched
  • Inappetant
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17
Q
  1. What can cause traumatic reticulitis?
  2. What are the consequences?
A
  1. Tyres, bailing sheep netting, nails, fencing
  2. Consequences
    * If no penetration- no effect

Penetration- local reticulo-peritonitis
* Ventral/lateral better
* Medial- damage to vagus, abscess to medial wall, no pain receptors
* Pericardium- pericarditis

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18
Q

What are the further signs of traumatic pericarditis?

A
  • Pulse and temp raised
  • Very ill
  • Heart sounds
    Initially- pericardial rub
    Later- quiet
    Later- washing machine

Heart failure develops
* Distended jugular V
* Visible jugular pulse
* Sub-mandibular oedema

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19
Q

Describe and exploratory rumenotomy?

A
  1. Left sub lumbar fossa
  2. Incise
  3. Palpate abdomen
  4. Exteriorise cranial portion of rumen
  5. 2 bone pins- anchors
  6. Sterile towels as seal around rumen
  7. Incise rumen
  8. Hand forward
  9. Locate rumen
  10. Search for FB- often ventral
  11. Close- cushing or lembert

After care
* ABs
* NSAIDs

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20
Q

What causes vagus indigestion?

A

Complication of trauamtic reticuloperitonitis
* Vagus nerve injury
* Reticular adhesions

Vagus nerve dysfunction
* enlarged rumen bloat or
* abomasal impaction

Can be actinobacillosis of rumen, fibropapillomas, late pregnancy

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21
Q

What is the pathogenesis of vagus indigestion?

A
  • Disturbance in rumen flow
  • Disturbance in pylorus flow
    Rumen distension
  • Alteration in reticulo rumen motility- hypermotile or hypomotile
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22
Q

What are the clinical findings of vagus indigestion?

A
  • Chronic inappetance- loss of BCS
  • 10 to 4 appearance- bloat
  • Dehydration
  • Enlarged rumen
  • Scant faeces
  • Undigested material
  • Inadequate response to tx
  • Distended abomasum in lower right quadrant
  • Hypermotile
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23
Q

What are DDXs for vagus indigestion?

A
  1. Chronic traumatic reticulitis
  2. Abomasal impaction/dietary origin
  3. Omasal impaction
  4. Abomasal ulceration
23
Q

What are DDXs for vagus indigestion?

A
  1. Chronic traumatic reticulitis
  2. Abomasal impaction/dietary origin
  3. Omasal impaction
  4. Abomasal ulceration
24
Q

What are risk factors for GI conditions

A
  • Usually early lactation
  • Traditionally in housed but also seen in grass
  • ‘Imbalance of fibre and concentrate’
  • Assocaited with ketosis and FMS
  • Hypocalcaemia
  • Concurrent inflammatory disease
  • Cow comfort
25
Q

What are the clinical signs of LDA?

A
  • Reduced milk yield
  • Not reaching expected yield
  • Ketosis
  • Selective appetite- prefers fibre
  • 0-4 weeks post calving
  • Ping
26
Q

What are differential diagnoses for LDA?

A
  • Vagal indigestion
  • Peritonitis
  • Gas in rumen
27
Q

What abomasal sound are present on LDA?

A
  • Spontaneous- tinkling and gurgling
  • Ping- gas fluid interference- map out area
  • Absence of sounds over abomasum
  • Fat cows- no ping
28
Q
  1. What fixes the abomasum in place?
  2. How can it move?
A
  1. Fixed by- omasum, duodenum, omentum
  2. Middle portion can travel, as rumen contracts abomasum buoyed by gas works its way to left
29
Q

How can LDA be treated by rolling?

A
  • Cast
  • Right lateral recumbency
  • Roll to dorsal
  • Roll over to left lateral
  • Ping to see if moved- can repeat
  • Good quality roughage
30
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of LDA rolling?

A

ADV
* Cheap
* Non-invasive
* Concurrent disease

DIS
* Least successful
* Ulcer rupture

31
Q

What is toggling?

A

Placing sutures where the abomasum naturally lies
* Clip before casting
* Avoid major abdominal vessels
* Ample labour
* Knee in abdomen
* Push trochar into abomasum
* Caudal toggle placed
* Cranial suture placed
* Loose tie

32
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of toggling?

A

Adv
* Cheap
* Minimally invasive
* Relatively straight forward
* Quick

Dis
* Going blind
* Do not see ulcers/adhesions
* Fistula formation
* Risk of getting kicked

33
Q

What are the different surgical methods of displaced abomasum?

A
  • L and R sided approach
  • L side
  • R side
  • R paramedian approach
34
Q

Describe a L/R bilateral flank

A
  1. Para-vertebral
  2. Incision 5cm caudal to last rib- both sides
  3. Both slide hand down wall of abdomen and shake hands
  4. Decompress abdomen
  5. Push abomasum to midline
  6. Pull up to right incision
  7. Omentopexy
35
Q

Describe a right side omentopexy?

A
  1. R flank incision
  2. Put hand over rumen in backwards direction
  3. Feel top of abomasum- release gas
  4. Withdraw arm
  5. Arm into abdomen- follow R body wall down under L side
  6. Grasp abomasum/omentum
  7. Sweep down, pull to incision
  8. Idenfity sows ear (pylorus)
  9. Omentopexy
36
Q

Describe a L sided omentopexy?

A
  1. Left sided incision
  2. Grasp greater curvature of abomasum or omentum
  3. Weave suture through omentum or abomasum
  4. Decompress- needle and tub
  5. Attach needle to thread
  6. Bring to R ventral midline
  7. Penetrate body wall with needle
  8. Repeat with caudal suture
  9. Tie sutures tight
37
Q

Describe a ventral abdominal paramedian

A
  1. Sedation/full GA
  2. Dorsal
  3. Line block
  4. Incise where abomasum lies normally
  5. Locate abomasum
  6. Cat gut- 4-6 matress sutures to abdominal wall
  7. Suture
38
Q

What progression can occur with right sided displaced abomasum?

A
  • Dilation and distension
  • Displacement
  • Torsion

Causes pooling of H+ and Cl- in abomasum
* Metabolic alkalosis
* Dehydration
* Mucosal damage
* Cytokine release
* Metabolic acidosis
* Severe dehydration

38
Q

What progression can occur with right sided displaced abomasum?

A
  • Dilation and distension
  • Displacement
  • Torsion

Causes pooling of H+ and Cl- in abomasum
Metabolic alkalosis
Dehydrationq

39
Q

What are differential diagnoses for right sided displaced abomasum?

A
  • Abomasal impaction
  • Caecal torsion
  • Traumatic reticulitis
  • Intestinal obstruction
40
Q

How is right sided DA treated?

A

Dilation/displacement
Medical-
* Ca 40%
* Metoclopramide
* Buscopan
* Fluids

Surgical- drain and replace

Torsion- slaughter, surgery

41
Q

What post op care is required for displaced abomasums?

A
  • Fluid therapy
  • NSAIDs
  • Antibiotics
  • Oral KCL
  • Ca 40%
  • Propylene glycol
42
Q

What is the usual history of intestinal conditions?

A
  • Sudden milk drop
  • Anorexia
  • Ruminal stasis
  • Abdominal pain- kicking flank, getting up and down
  • Minimal passage of faeces
  • Palpation of loops of intestine per rectum
  • Mild right sided bloat
43
Q

What are the differentials for intestinal conditions?

A
  • Intestinal obstruction
  • Foreign body
  • Intestinal volvulus/torsion
  • Intussusception
  • Intestinal incarceration or strangulation
  • Intestinal neoplasia
  • Jejunal haemorrhage syndrome
  • Peritonitis
  • Acidosis
44
Q
  1. What does this image show?
  2. How is it diagnosed?
A
  1. Mesenteric volvulus
  2. Dx
    * Clinical signs- abdominal discomfort
    * Palpation per rectum- dilated loops
    * US
    * PM
45
Q

When is surgery indicated for intestinal conditions- eg mesenteric volvulus?

A
  • Rapidity of deterioration
  • Severity of colic and its response to analgesia
  • Severity of abdominal distention
  • Absence of faecal output
  • Heart rate
  • Rectal palpation findings
  • Blood lactate
  • Blood calcium
46
Q
  1. What is the aetiology of jejunal haemorrhagic syndrome?
  2. What are the clincial signs
  3. How is it reated?
A
  1. Unknown- clostridium perfringens type A?, mycotoxins?
  2. Anorexia and lethargy
  3. Medically or surgically- not very successful
47
Q

What is the history for caecal dilation and volvulus?

A
  • Dairy cow
  • 1st few months of lactation
  • Inappetent
  • Decreased milk yield
  • Ping in dorso-caudal right sublumbar fossa
  • Rectally: Distended, recognisable viscus into the pelvis
48
Q

What is the aetiology of caecal dilation and volvulus?

A
  • Excess carbs which are fermented in caecum
  • Increased VFA, reduced pH
  • Caecal atony
  • Accumulation of ingesta and gas
  • Atony, dilation, torsion
49
Q

What are the clinical sigs of caecal dilation?
What additional signs are with volvulus?

A

Dilation
* Anorexia
* Mild abdominal discomfort
* Reduced milk yield
* Reduced faeces
* Ping- right sublumbar fossa

Volvulus
* Dehydration
* Tachycardia
* Abdominal pain

Rectal
* Distension- long cylindrical, moveable organ, blind end points to pelvic vacity
* Volvulus- points cranial and lateral or medial

50
Q

How can caecal dilationbe treated medically and surgically?

A

Medically
* Good quality hay
* TLC
* Monitoring hydration and HR

Surgically
* Determine if torsion
* Purse string suture
* Incise- milk caecal contents out
* Correct torsion and suture
* Post op- ABs, long fibre, TLC

51
Q

Summarise abomasal ulcers and sequalae

A
  • Mature cattle
  • Acute abomasal haemorrhage
  • Melena
  • Perfoation- acute local peritionitis, leading to acute diffuse peritonitis
52
Q

What are the primary and secondary causes of abomasal ulcers?

A

Primary: unkown
* Lactation- stress
* Stressfull events
* Handfed calves- weaned

Secondary
* LDA
* RDA
* Vagal indigestion

53
Q

What are the 4 types of abomasal ulcers?

A

Type 1
* Non perforating
* Minimal amounts of intra luminal haemorrhage

Type 2
* Major blood vessel perforates
* Severe blood loss
* Melena

Type 3
* Perforating ulcer
* Acute, local peritonitis

Type 4
* Perforating ulcer
* Diffuse peritonitis

54
Q

What are clinical findings of abomasal ulcers?

A
  1. Abdominal pain
  2. Melena
  3. Pale MM
  4. Sudden onset anorexia
  5. Tachycardia

Perforation- hypovolaemia, unable to stand

55
Q

How are abomasal ulcers treated?

A

Generally conservatively
Antacids:
* Magnesium oxide
* Aluminium hydroxide

Blood transfusions/fluids

Surgical excision- mid line

Year 4 Livestock and One Health (58 decks)

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