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Year 4 Livestock and One Health > Reproduction: Dystocia > Flashcards

Reproduction: Dystocia Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What is the 1st stage of labour
  2. How long does it take?
  3. What are the signs?
A
  1. Dilation of the cervix
  2. 3-6 hours
  3. Seperated, appetite decreased, unsettled, mucus string, some abdominal straining
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2
Q
  1. What happens during 2nd stage of labour?
A

Delivery of the calf
* Appearance of membranes at vulva (bag)
* Several hours
* Water bag ruptures
* Straining

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3
Q
  1. What is the 3rd stage of labour?
A

Expulsion of placenta
RFM- over 12 hours

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4
Q

What are ideal calving facilities?

A
  • 12 feet by 12 feet
  • Alone
  • Easy to clean
  • Calving gate
  • Milking facility
  • Well bedded
  • Dry
  • Good water, lighting, well ventilated
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5
Q

When should you intervene?

A
  • No progress after 1 hour of water bag showing
  • Not progressed to snd stage after 6 hours
  • Extreme discomfort
  • Significant bleeding
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6
Q

What are common causes of dystocia?

A
  • Malpresentatino
  • Oversize- large calf, fat dam
  • Congenital abnormality
  • Schmallenberg
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7
Q

What should be checked on vaginal examination?

A
  • Lesions or haemorrhage
  • Position of uterus and calf
  • Relaxation and dilation of vulva, vagina, cervix
  • Signs of live from calf
  • Extraction?
  • Position of umbilical cord
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8
Q

What ‘tricks’ may help with dystocia?

A
  • Position down hill
  • J-lube
  • Pump water/lube into uterus
  • Sink plunger
  • Epidural anaesthesia
  • Clenbuterol- relaxes uterus
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9
Q

When should you phone a friend?

A
  • Too big
  • True breech
  • Twisted uterus
  • Doesn’t make sense
  • Lots of bleeding
  • No progress within 20 mins
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10
Q

What are the adv/dis of placing ropes above/below fetlock?

A

Above fetlock- higher risk of fracture
Below- higher risk of slipping off

Double- minimal chance of leg fracture slipping off

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11
Q

How can you decide whether the calf is too big?

A
  • Head easily lifted into pelvis
  • Forelimbs crossing over shows insufficient room
  • Easily bring calf so fetlocks near vulva
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12
Q

In anterior presentation what can be assessed for decision making?

A
  • Space by sliding hand over tail head
  • Two people should be able to exteriorise limbs
  • Check position of umbilical cord- if round hock consider caesar
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13
Q
  1. What is an episotomy?
  2. When is it more commonly used?
  3. What should be done first?
A
  1. Incision between vagina and anus
  2. Heifers- 5-10%, when vuvla not fully slackened
  3. Caudal epidural

Can breakdown, distorted vulva conformation

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14
Q

What is required for embryotomy?

A
  • Sufficient space for embrotome and arms
  • Cadual epidural
  • Clenbuterol
  • Sufficient lubrication
  • Good well maintained equipment
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15
Q
  1. What are the indications for full embrotomy?
  2. What are the indications for a partial embryotomy?
A
  1. Large dead calf, abnormal calf
  2. Hip locked, head back- unable to correct, leg back- unable to correct
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16
Q

What are the methods of placing the wire for embryotomy?

A

Passing
* Pass wire by hand around appendage/area of calf
* Where appropriate attach curved snare
* Thread wire through each side of embryotome

Cleat
* Place chain on limb
* thread wire
* Place the loop of wire in-between cleats on leg aiming to remove
* Advance the embryotome laterally up the limb
* Unhook wire- pass chain throug loop
* Check position

17
Q

What are fetotomy complications?

A
  • Uterine tears
  • Cervical tears
  • Vaginal tears
  • RFM
  • Metritis
18
Q

What are risk factors for uterine torsions?

A
  • Poor rumen fill
  • Space in the abdomen
  • Hilly land
  • Process of standing/lying
19
Q

How does a uterine torsion present?
What is found on clinical exam?

A

Presentation
* Appear to start calving and stop
* No straining
* May just slightly raise tail
* Cow off colour

Examination
* Vaginal exam- corkscrew
* Feel lip infront of cervix
* Per rectum- torsion palpation

20
Q

What are the different correction methods for uterine torsions?

A
  • Swing calf with coordinated ballottment of abdomen to flip the calf and uterine horn back into the correct position
  • Twist legs
  • Roll the cow- left lateral to back to right- or opposite (place calving rope or use plank to hold calf)
  • Caesarian- unable
21
Q

What are complications of uterine torsions?

A
  • High degree torsion can secclude blood- friable tissue
  • Can be difficult to untwist during caesar
22
Q

What are indications for caesar?

A

Major
* Foetal oversize
* Irreducible torsion
* Insufficient cervical dilation

Minor
* Foetal malpresentation
* Abnormal calf
* Dead empyhesmatous calf
* Constricted vagina and vestibulum

23
Q

What restraint and anaesthesia is required for caesar?

A

Adequate restraint
* Halter to gait
* Stocks
* Head yolk/crush
* Sedatoin
* Secure tail

Anaesthesia
* Caudal epidural
* Paravertebral nerve block

24
Q

What pre-op caesar is indicated?

A
  • Clenbuterol
  • NSAID
  • AB
  • Sedation
  • Calcium- if appropriate

Don’t forget lighting

25
Q

What is the technique to caesar?

A
  1. Left flank
  2. Localise horn and exteriorise
  3. Incise
  4. Remove calf
  5. Check for twins
  6. Remove membranes
  7. Close uterine incision
  8. Clean contamination form uterus, rume
  9. Routine closure of body wall and skin
  10. Oxytocin, calcium
  11. Check calf
26
Q

How is an emphysematous calf dealt with?

A
  • Paramedian incision
  • Very low flank incision
  • Exteriorise horn
  • Sedation
27
Q

What are caesarian section complications?

A
  • Haemorrhage
  • Peritonitis
  • Localised adhesions
  • RFM
  • Metritis
  • Wound infections
28
Q

What is the technique for replacing a uterine prolapse?

A
  1. Caudal epidural ± clenbuterol
  2. Protective cover under uterus
  3. Remove foetal membranes
  4. Apply lube- feed uterus in
  5. One replaces ensure horns in normal position
  6. Give oxytocin, NSAIDs, ABs, calcium
  7. Suture?
28
Q

What is the technique for replacing a uterine prolapse?

A
  1. Caudal epidural ± clenbuterol
  2. Protective cover under uterus
  3. Remove foetal membranes
  4. Apply lube- feed uterus in
  5. One replaces ensure horns in normal position
  6. Give oxytocin, NSAIDs, ABs, calcium
  7. Suture?

Year 4 Livestock and One Health (58 decks)

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