Bovine Cardiology Flashcards
What are non-cardiac signs of cardiac disease?
- Reduced production
- Excercise intolerance
- Increased urine output
- Syncope
- Poor appetite
What is normal to abnormal skin tone relating to PCV?
- 4-6% loss normal (PCV 40%)
- 6-8%- tenting 2-4 seconds- dry nose (PCV 50%)
- 8-10%- tenting 6-10 seconds (PCV 55%)- cold extremities
- 10-12%- tenting 20+ seconds (PCV 60+%)- comatose, shock
- 12%+ death
Ears are best for checking regional temperatures- perfusion
Where can mucous membranes be checked?
- Mouth
- Conjunctiva
- Vulva
- Refill time, dry, cold, distension of veins
What can cause pale MMs?
Anaemia
* deficiencies- iron, copper, cobalt
* Toxicities
* Blood/protein loss
Poor perfusion
* Shock
* Heart failure
* Thrombosis
What can cause red MMS?
- Toxaemia
- Salmonellosis
- Pasturellosis
- MCF
- IBR
- Infectious bovine kerato-conjunctivitis
What can cause cyanosis of MMs and Jaundice?
Cyanosis
* resp failure
* Nitrate/nitrite
* Congential cardiac
Jaundice
* Hepatitis
* Haemolytic anaemia
* Photosensitisation
* Ragwort, kale, lupin, copper poisoning
* Post-partum haemoblobinuria
* Lepto
What can cause haemorrhagic MMS?
- Anthrax
- Bracken
- Sweet vernal grass poisoning
- Copper toxicity- acute
- Lepto
- Mycotoxicosis
What can be examined about pulse?
Rate
* calves 100-120
* Cattle 50-95
Rhythm
* irregular or defecit
Amplitude
* increased- aortic valve incompetence
* Decreased- myocardial weakness, toxaemia, shock
Character
- What would cause distension of jugular and abdominal milk vein?
- What would cause jugular pulse all the way up?
- Right sided heart failure
- Endocarditis, pericarditis, haemothorax, hydrothorax, CHF, valvular stenosis, leukosis
Where can the following be auscultated?
1. Base
2. Apex
3. PV
4. AV
5. Left AV valve
6. Right AV valve
- 3rd to 6th rib
- 6th rib at rib articulation to sternum
- 3rd intercostal
- 4th rib (12cm above sternum)
- 4th ICS
- 4th
What are valvularcauses of murmurs?
- Stenosis- rough, harsh
- Regurg- softer (prr)
- Pre-systolic
- Left or right AV-stenosis
How can endocarditis be diagnosed?
Right sometimes left AV-valve
* persistent fever
* pain on pinch test
* shifting polyarthritis
T. pyogenes, E.coli, mycoplasma, streptococcu, staphylococci, manheimia
What are common congenital causes of mumurs?
- Ventricular septal defects
- Patent ductus
- Patent foramen ovale
- Tetrallogy of fallot
- Aortic stenosis
What can cause blood flow and turbulence murmurs in cattle?
- Anaemia
- Cardiac- myocardial weakness (septicaemia, nutritional)
- Extra-cardiac- vagal indigestion, diaphragmatic hernia, ruminal tympany
- How is pericarditis diagnosed?
- What are the potential sequalae?
- How can it be treated?
- Grunt or Eric Williams test, withers pinch, shallow abdominal breathing, abducted elbows
- Coronary vessel or ventricle can rupture, fibrinous pericarditis
- Death 1-2 weeks, surgery, magnets, ABs or send for slaughter
