Bovine Cardiology Flashcards
What are non-cardiac signs of cardiac disease?
- Reduced production
- Excercise intolerance
- Increased urine output
- Syncope
- Poor appetite
What is normal to abnormal skin tone relating to PCV?
- 4-6% loss normal (PCV 40%)
- 6-8%- tenting 2-4 seconds- dry nose (PCV 50%)
- 8-10%- tenting 6-10 seconds (PCV 55%)- cold extremities
- 10-12%- tenting 20+ seconds (PCV 60+%)- comatose, shock
- 12%+ death
Ears are best for checking regional temperatures- perfusion
Where can mucous membranes be checked?
- Mouth
- Conjunctiva
- Vulva
- Refill time, dry, cold, distension of veins
What can cause pale MMs?
Anaemia
* deficiencies- iron, copper, cobalt
* Toxicities
* Blood/protein loss
Poor perfusion
* Shock
* Heart failure
* Thrombosis
What can cause red MMS?
- Toxaemia
- Salmonellosis
- Pasturellosis
- MCF
- IBR
- Infectious bovine kerato-conjunctivitis
What can cause cyanosis of MMs and Jaundice?
Cyanosis
* resp failure
* Nitrate/nitrite
* Congential cardiac
Jaundice
* Hepatitis
* Haemolytic anaemia
* Photosensitisation
* Ragwort, kale, lupin, copper poisoning
* Post-partum haemoblobinuria
* Lepto
What can cause haemorrhagic MMS?
- Anthrax
- Bracken
- Sweet vernal grass poisoning
- Copper toxicity- acute
- Lepto
- Mycotoxicosis
What can be examined about pulse?
Rate
* calves 100-120
* Cattle 50-95
Rhythm
* irregular or defecit
Amplitude
* increased- aortic valve incompetence
* Decreased- myocardial weakness, toxaemia, shock
Character
- What would cause distension of jugular and abdominal milk vein?
- What would cause jugular pulse all the way up?
- Right sided heart failure
- Endocarditis, pericarditis, haemothorax, hydrothorax, CHF, valvular stenosis, leukosis
Where can the following be auscultated?
1. Base
2. Apex
3. PV
4. AV
5. Left AV valve
6. Right AV valve
- 3rd to 6th rib
- 6th rib at rib articulation to sternum
- 3rd intercostal
- 4th rib (12cm above sternum)
- 4th ICS
- 4th
What are valvularcauses of murmurs?
- Stenosis- rough, harsh
- Regurg- softer (prr)
- Pre-systolic
- Left or right AV-stenosis
How can endocarditis be diagnosed?
Right sometimes left AV-valve
* persistent fever
* pain on pinch test
* shifting polyarthritis
T. pyogenes, E.coli, mycoplasma, streptococcu, staphylococci, manheimia
What are common congenital causes of mumurs?
- Ventricular septal defects
- Patent ductus
- Patent foramen ovale
- Tetrallogy of fallot
- Aortic stenosis
What can cause blood flow and turbulence murmurs in cattle?
- Anaemia
- Cardiac- myocardial weakness (septicaemia, nutritional)
- Extra-cardiac- vagal indigestion, diaphragmatic hernia, ruminal tympany
- How is pericarditis diagnosed?
- What are the potential sequalae?
- How can it be treated?
- Grunt or Eric Williams test, withers pinch, shallow abdominal breathing, abducted elbows
- Coronary vessel or ventricle can rupture, fibrinous pericarditis
- Death 1-2 weeks, surgery, magnets, ABs or send for slaughter
- When can DCM occur in cattle?
- What are the clinical signs?
- Well-grown 2-3 yo Holstein cattle
- Peripheral oedema, jugular distension, fluid accumulations in body cavities
What can caudal vena cava thrombosis occur secondary to?
How does it present?
Secondary to liver abscess- cattle 1-3, acidosis-rumenitis
Peracute- dead in pool of blood
Acute- resp distress, pain and pyrexia
What respiratory disease can be caused by cardiac diseases?
- Pulmonary hypertension- right sided hypertrophy
- Pulmonary oedema in acute cariac failure
- Nasal discharge- oedema
- Bilateral epistaxis- pulmonary embolism
What abdomen effects can cardiac disease cause?
- Ascites
- Liver enlargment- palpate right-side behind ribs
- GI disease- cardiac arrythmias due to vagal stimulatoin by abdominal distension
- Traumatic reticulitis
What can be used for treatment of cardiac insufficiency of cattle?
Dimazon- diuretic
ABs
What degenerative changes of myocardium can occur?
- Fatty change- reversible
- Atrophy- common in ruminants
- Mineralization- organomercurial poisoning in cattle
- Xanthosis- abnormal browm pigment in myocardium
What is infectious disease is myocardial necrosis associated with?
- High mortality foot and mouth disease in neonates
- Histophilus somni infection causing myocardial infarction and sudden death
- Clostridial infections- except black leg
What are non-infectious causes of myocardial necrosis?
- Vitamin E and selenium-responsive syndrome
- Saccharated iron toxicity in piglets
- Porcine stress syndrome
What are syndromes of myocardial degeneration and necrosis in cattle?
Abortion and perinatal mortality
* Low Se or Vit E
Sudden death in neonatal calves
* predisposing factors are low bioavailability of SE or Vit E in calf ration
How is Vit E/Selenium supplemented?
- Oral multi mineral bolus
- Vitesel injection
- Included in several worming drenches
