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Year 4 Livestock and One Health > Reproduction: Abortion > Flashcards

Reproduction: Abortion Flashcards

1
Q

What is abortion in cows?

A

Calving that occurs < 270 days gestation

Must be reported

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2
Q

What is the problem of abortion

A

Repro performance
Reduced milk production
Lower maternal survival
Replacement heifers

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3
Q

What notifiable disease can cause abortion?

A

Brucellosis
* All abortions reported
* Monthly routine milk sampling

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4
Q

What are infectious and non infectious causes of abortion?

A

Infectious
* Primary- brucella abortus
* Oppertunistic- damaged barrier- salmonella

Non infectious
* Nutritional
* Developmental hormones
* Toxins- alflatoxins, nitrate/nitrite
* Trauma- insemination, hyperthermia, twinning

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5
Q

What are the target

A
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6
Q

What 4 vaccines can reduce abortion?

A
  • Lepto
  • BHV1
  • BVDv
  • Brucella
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7
Q

What are the foetal tissues that are responsive to the insult causing abortion?

A

Chorio-allantois
Amnion
Bone
Soft tissues
Endocrine
Immune cells
Specific cell types

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8
Q

What are primary abortive agents by definition?

A
  • Destroys integrity of foeto-maternal unit
  • May/may not cause abortion
  • Allows opportunistic pathogens to invade placenta
  • Alters microbiolocial profile within pregnant uterus
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9
Q

What are primary infectious abortion causes?

A
  • Brucella abortus
  • BVDv
  • Lepto
  • Neospora
  • BHV-1
  • Parainfluenxa 3
  • Bacillus licheniformis
  • Fungi
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10
Q

How do secondary pathogens cause abortion?

A
  • Usually associated with chorionitis/amnionitis
  • Associated inflammatory cascade and prostoglandins cause- luteolysis, relaxation of cervix, fetus expelled
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11
Q

What are the most common secondary opportunistic pathogens for abortion?

A
  • Truperella pyogenes
  • Listeria monocytogenes
  • Leptospira
  • Salmonella dublin
  • M. tuberculosis
  • IBR
  • Myoplasma
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12
Q

What are the routes of infection of pathogens for abortion?

A
  • Resident flora of reproductive tract during pregnancy
  • Transplacental
  • Haematogenous
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13
Q

What are the routes of infection of pathogens for abortion?

A
  • Resident flora of reproductive tract during pregnancy
  • Transplacental
  • Haematogenous
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14
Q

What agents cause abortions at the following time?
1. Whole 9 months
2. 4-6 months
3. 2-4 months
4. 4-9

A
  1. BVD, salmonella, A pyogenes, M tuberculosis
  2. Neospora
  3. Trichomonas
  4. Mycotic, lepto, listeria, IBR, IPV, Bacillus, Brucells, campylobacter
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15
Q

Why can the foetus not ammount an immune response?

A

T cell recognition of self occurs at around 90-120 days

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16
Q

Why can the foetus not ammount an immune response?

A

T cell recognition of self occurs at around 90-120 days

17
Q
  1. What causes IBR?
  2. What causes latent carriers?
  3. How can it be tested and prevented?
A
  1. BHV-1
  2. Trigeminal ganglion
  3. ELISA, immunofluorescence
    Prevention- vaccine
18
Q

What is the most common diagnosed cause of abortion?

A

Neospora

Dogs definitive host
4-6 months causes abortion
Or produce PI cow- if after or before

19
Q

How can pattern of neospora help with diagnosis?

A

Endemic/grumbling levels
* endogenous transmission

Storm
* Storm

20
Q

How is neospora diagnosed and controlled?

A
  • Maternal serology- fluctuates
  • Naris
  • Use increaseing Ab levels as evidecne of recrudesecne
  • Test calf at birth
  • Dead calf- brain histopath

Control
* Keep dogs away from cattle feed and water
* Culling seropositive
* Breed to beef dont keep replacement
* Use sexed semen

21
Q

What happens when BVD infects at different periods?

A

First trimester
* foetal resorption or abortion

95-120d
* Immunotolerance- PI

120-285
* Sero-positive ± congential lesions
* Can abort

Also lowers future pregnancy rate

22
Q

How is BVD diagnosed?

A
  • Seroconvert over three weeks
  • Bulk milk abs
  • Detect PI in blood from one month
  • Ear notch tissue test
  • Check test: abs
  • BUlk tank PCR
23
Q

How is BVD controlled?

A
  • Test the bull
  • Test bough in
  • Good biosecurity
  • Eradicate- testing and removal of PIs
  • Sheep: avoid cograzing
  • Vaccination protects the pregnancy
24
Q

What leptospirosis does not cause abortion but infact jaundice and renal failure?

A

L. icterohaemorrhagiae

25
Q

What are the clinical signs of leptospirosis (abortion)

How is it diagnosed?

A
  • Often unapparent and cow in latent state
  • PI of repro tract
  • Abortion, still births, weak calves
  • RFM

Diagnosis
Bulk milk ab testing, serology, PCR from aborted tissue

26
Q

How is lepto treated and controlled?

A

Tx
* ABs- prolonged oxytet

Risk factors
* Test buying stock
* AI
* Avoid cograzing
* Fence of water

27
Q

How is campylobacter spread?
Diagnosed

A

Venereally
Caused mild endometritis

Diagnosis- preputial washing in bulls and vaginal mucus aspiration- campy kit

27
Q

How is campylobacter spread?
Diagnosed

A

Venereally
Caused mild endometritis

Diagnosis- preputial washing in bulls and vaginal mucus aspiration- campy kit

28
Q

What are the clincial signs of trichomas fetus?

A

Occasionally causes abortion
More commonly poor preg rates, pyo, endometritis

Year 4 Livestock and One Health (58 decks)

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