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Gross Anatomy > Upper Extremity: Overview > Flashcards

Upper Extremity: Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of the skin

A
  • Skin
  • Superficial fascia
  • Deep fascia
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2
Q

Deep fascia of upper limb

A
  • Pectoral fascia
  • Axillary fascia
  • Clavipectoral fascia
  • Deltoid fascia
  • Brachial fascia
  • Antebrachial fascia
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3
Q

Deep fascia of upper limb function

A
  • Can attach to bone
  • Covers muscle
  • Form intermuscular septa
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4
Q

Arterial supply/venous drainage

A
  • Deep to the deep fascia
  • Arteries and deep veins have the same name
  • Veins are next to artery (vena comitans)
  • Often duplicated (venae comitantes)
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5
Q

Arteries of upper limb

A
  • Subclavian
  • Axillary
  • Brachial
  • Radial
  • Ulnar
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6
Q

Superficial veins of upper limb

A
  • External to deep fascia: drain superficial structures

- Arise from dorsal venous network (hand)

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7
Q

Superficial veins of upper limb names

A
  • Cephalic vein
  • Basilic vein
  • Median cubital vein
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8
Q

Cephalic vein

A
  • Lateral side of forearm/arm
  • Leltopectoral groove
  • Pierces clavipectoral fascia in the deltopectoral triangle
  • Drains into the axillary vein
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9
Q

Basilic vein

A
  • Medial side of forearm/lower arm
  • Pierces brachial fascia around mid-arm
  • Joins brachial vein to form axillary vein
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10
Q

Median cubital vein

A
  • Connects cephalic and basilic veins
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11
Q

Superficial lymph drainage of upper limb

A
  • Most drain into lateral (humeral) axillary lymph nodes directly
  • Medial side of hand/forearm drains into the cubital lymph nodes
  • Lateral side can drain into deltopectoral and apical nodes bypassing humeral axillary nodes
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12
Q

Deep lymph drainage of upper limb

A
  • Drain into lateral (humeral) axillary lymph nodes
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13
Q

Scapular region lymph drainage

A
  • Posterior (subscapular) axillary lymph nodes
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14
Q

Pectoral region lymph drainage

A
  • Anterior (pectoral) axillary lymph nodes
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15
Q

C4 dermatome

A
  • Base of neck, superior shoulder
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16
Q

C5 dermatome

A
  • Upper lateral arm
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17
Q

C6 dermatome

A
  • Planar thumb pad (lateral forearm)
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18
Q

C7 dermatome

A
  • Middle finger pad (some sources say index also)
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19
Q

C8 dermatome

A
  • Little finger pad (medial forearm)
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20
Q

T1 dermatome

A
  • Medial elbow
  • Upper forearm
  • Lower arm
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21
Q

T2 dermatome

A
  • Upper arm

- Axilla

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22
Q

C5 myotome

A
  • Arm abduction
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23
Q

C6 myotome

A
  • Elbow flexion
  • Wrist extension
  • *C6 biker chicks**
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24
Q

C7 myotome

A
  • Elbow extension
  • Wrist flexion
  • Finger extension
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25
Q

C8 myotome

A
  • Finger flexion
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26
Q

T1 myotome

A
  • Finger abduction/adduction
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27
Q

C4 myotome

A
  • Major contributor to motor innervation of the diaphragm
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28
Q

C5,6 tendon reflex

A
  • Biceps reflex

- Brachioradialis reflex

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29
Q

C7 tendon reflex

A
  • Triceps reflex
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30
Q

Major nerves of the upper extremity

A
  • Radian nerve
  • Ulnar nerve
  • Median
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31
Q

Peripheral nerve cutaneous innervation

A
  • Axillary nerve
  • Radial nerve
  • Musculocutaneous nerve
  • Ulnar nerve
  • Median nerve
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32
Q

Pectoral region muscles

A
  • Connect the pectoral girdle and humerus to the axial skeleton
  • Primarily function in moving the pectoral girdle and humerus
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33
Q

Anterior axio-appendicular muscles

A
  • Pectoralis major
  • Pectoralis minor
  • Subclavius
  • Serratus anterior
34
Q

Deltopectoral groove

A
  • Between pectoralis major and deltoid
  • Cepahlic vein
  • Deltoid branch of thoracoacromial artery
35
Q

Pectoral fascia

A
  • Covers anterior and posterior of pectoralis major

- Becomes axillary fascia (floor of axilla)

36
Q

Clavipectoral fascia

A
  • Deep to pectoral fascia
  • Attaches to clavicle and envelopes subclavius and pectoralis minor muscles
  • Pierced by cephalic vein, thoracoacromial artery, pectoral nerves
  • Costocoracoid ligament
  • Suspensory ligament of axilla below pec minor
37
Q

Costocoracoid ligament

A
  • Thickening between coracoid and 1st costochondral junction
38
Q

Suspensory ligament of axilla below pec minor

A
  • Connects to and supports axillary fascia
39
Q

Pectoralis major

A
  • 2 heads

- Forms anterior axillary fold

40
Q

Pectoralis major proximal attachment

A
  • Medial ½ clavicle
  • Anterior sternum
  • Upper 6 costal cartilages
  • Aponeurosis of external oblique muscle
41
Q

Pectoralis major distal attachment

A
  • Lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus
42
Q

Pectoralis major innervation

A
  • Lateral (C5-7) and medial pectoral nerves (C8-T1)
43
Q

Pectoralis major function

A
  • Adduction
  • Medial rotation
  • Flexion
44
Q

Pectoralis minor

A
  • Deep to pec major
  • Important landmark (axillary artery, brachial plexus)
  • Subcoracoid space
45
Q

Pectoralis minor proximal attachment

46
Q

Pectoralis minor distal attachment

A
  • Coracoid process
47
Q

Pectoralis minor innervation

A
  • Medial pectoral nerve (C8-T1)
48
Q

Pectoralis minor function

A
  • Stabilize scapula
  • Pulls against thoracic wall (lateral angle moves inferiorly)
  • Accessory muscle of respiration
49
Q

Subclavius proximal attachment

A
  • 1st rib/costal cartilage jxn
50
Q

Subclavius distal attachment

A
  • Inferior, middle 1/3 of clavicle
51
Q

Subclavius innervation

A
  • Nerve to subclavius (C5)
52
Q

Subclavius function

A
  • Stabilize SC joint

- Depress clavicle

53
Q

Serratus anterior

A
  • Serrated appearance

- Boxer’s muscle

54
Q

Serratus anterior proximal attachment

A
  • Lateral aspect of ribs 1-8(9)
55
Q

Serratus anterior distal attachment

A
  • Distal attachment: anterior surface of medial scapular border
56
Q

Serratus anterior innervation

A
  • Long thoracic nerve (C5,6,7)
57
Q

Serratus anterior function

A
  • Scapular protraction and rotation

- Stabilizes against thorax

58
Q

Long thoracic nerve

A
  • Branch of the brachial plexus
  • Has a superficial location
  • Injured in: mastectomy, knife injury, chest tube
59
Q

Long thoracic nerve injury

A
  • Causes weakness or paralysis of serratus anterior

- Results in winging of the scapula, and difficulty with arm elevation (abduction)

60
Q

Trapezius

A
  • Named based on shape

- 3 divisions based on muscle fiber direction

61
Q

Divisions of trapezius

A
  • Superior (descending): elevation, rotation
  • Middle: retraction
  • Inferior (ascending): depression, rotation
62
Q

Trapezius proximal attachment

A
  • Medial 1/3 of superior nuchal line
  • EOP (external occipital protuberance)
  • Nuchal ligament
  • SPs of C7-T12
63
Q

Trapezius distal attachment

A
  • Lateral 1/3 of clavicle
  • Acromion
  • Scapular spine
64
Q

Trapezius innervation

A
  • Spinal accessory nerve (motor)

- C3,4 spinal nerves (pain and proprioception)

65
Q

Weakness or CN XI injury

A
  • Shoulder drooping
  • Weakness in shrugging
  • Impaired abduction
66
Q

Latissimus dorsi

A
  • Expansive muscle

- Forms posterior axillary fold

67
Q

Latissimus dorsi proximal attachment

A
  • SPs of T7-L5
  • Thoracolumbar fascia
  • Iliac crest
  • Ribs 10 to 12 (inferior 3 or 4 ribs)
  • Scapula (inferior angle)
68
Q

Latissimus dorsi distal attachment

A
  • Humerus (floor of intertubercular sulcus)
69
Q

Latissimus dorsi innervation

A
  • Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-8)
70
Q

Latissimus dorsi function

A
  • Extends
  • Adducts
  • Medial rotation of humerus
  • Pull-up type motions
71
Q

Levator scapulae proximal attachment

A
  • Posterior tubercles of C1-4 TPs
72
Q

Levator scapulae distal attachment

A
  • Medial border of scapula (above scapular spine base)
73
Q

Levator scapulae innervation

A
  • Dorsal scapular nerve (C4,5): motor

- C3,4: proprioception

74
Q

Rhomboid major/minor

A
  • 2 muscles: rhombus shaped
75
Q

Rhomboid major proximal attachment

76
Q

Rhomboid minor proximal attachment

A
  • Nuchal ligament

- C7 and T1 SPs

77
Q

Rhomboid major distal attachment

A
  • Medial border of scapula

- Spine to inferior angle of scapula

78
Q

Rhomboid minor distal attachment

A
  • Medial border of scapula

- Base of scapular spine

79
Q

Rhomboid major/minor innervation

A
  • Dorsal scapular nerve (C4,5): motor

- C3,4: proprioception

80
Q

Rhomboid major/minor function

A
  • Retract and rotate scapula

- Fix against thoracic wall

Gross Anatomy (50 decks)

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