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Gross Anatomy > Abdomen: Viscera Overview/Foregut > Flashcards

Abdomen: Viscera Overview/Foregut Flashcards

1
Q

Right costal margin

A
  • Liver

- Gallbladder

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2
Q

Left costal margin

A
  • Stomach
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3
Q

Ribs protect

A
  • Spleen
  • Part of the liver
  • Kidneys
  • Rib frx puts certain viscera at risk (liver, spleen, kidneys)
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4
Q

Foregut extends from

A
  • Esophagus > 2nd part of duodenum
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5
Q

Foregut arterial supply

A
  • Branches from the celiac trunk
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6
Q

Midgut extends from

A
  • 2nd part of duodenum > distal 1/3 of transverse colon
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7
Q

Midgut blood supply

A
  • Branches from superior mesenteric artery
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8
Q

Hindgut extends from

A
  • Distal 1/3 transverse colon > upper anal canal
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9
Q

Hindgut blood supply

A
  • Branches from the inferior mesenteric artery
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10
Q

The GI tract is largely drained by

A
  • The hepatic portal venous system
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11
Q

Foregut innervation (sympathetic)

A
  • Greater splanchnic nerve (T5-T9) > celiac ganglia
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12
Q

Midgut innervation (sympathetic)

A
  • Lesser splanchnic nerve (T10-T11) > superior mesenteric ganglion, aorticorenal ganglia
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13
Q

Hindgut innervation (sympathetic)

A
  • Lumbar splanchnic nerve (L1,L2) > inferior mesenteric ganglion
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14
Q

Least splanchnic nerve (T12) innervates

A
  • Aorticorenal and renal plexus
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15
Q

Postsynaptic sympathetic fibers travel in _____ to destination

A
  • Periarterial plexuses
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16
Q

Postsynaptic sympathetic fibers traveling in periarterial plexuses go to

A
  • Renal plexus, hepatic plexus, etc.
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17
Q

Adrenal gland (medulla) receives

A
  • Direct innervation from presynaptic fibers

- Exception of postsynaptic sympathetics destination pathway

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18
Q

Sympathetic primary functions in abdomen

A
  • Altering vasomotor tone

- Slowing peristalsis

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19
Q

Presynaptics travel in (parasympathetic innervation of abdomina viscera)

A
  • Vagus nerve (A/P vagal trunks)

- Pelvic splanchnic nerves

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20
Q

Vagus nerve innervation (presynaptic parasympathetic)

A
  • Innervates lower esophagus to left colic flexure

- Foregut and midgut

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21
Q

Pelvic splanchnic nerves have nothing to do with

A
  • Sympathetics
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22
Q

Pelvic splanchnic nerves are derived from

A
  • Spinal segments S2-4
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23
Q

Pelvic splanchnic nerves travel through

A
  • Inferior hypogastric plexus
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24
Q

Pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate (presynaptic parasympathetic)

A
  • Descending colon to rectum (hindgut)

- Pelvic organs

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25
Vagus and pelvic splanchnic (pre/para) synapse on
- Postsynaptic neuron on/in wall of viscera
26
Parasympathetic primary functions in abdomen
- Promote peristalsis and secretion
27
Visceral Afferents (Sensory)
- Unconscious reflexes | - Nociception
28
Visceral afferents (sensory) of foregut and midgut travel in
- Vagus nerve
29
Visceral afferents (sensory) of hindgut travel in
- Pelvic splanchnic nerves
30
Visceral afferent fibers conveying nociception follow
- Follow sympathetic fibers | - Travel in a reverse course to spinal cord
31
Visceral afferent fibers conveying nociception from foregut follow
- Foregut > greater splanchnic nerve
32
Visceral afferent fibers conveying nociception from midgut follow
- Midgut > lesser splanchnic nerve
33
Visceral afferent fibers conveying nociception from hindgut follow
- Hindgut > lumbar splanchnic nerves - Descending colon - Proximal ½ sigmoid colon
34
Exception to visceral pain afferents
- Midpoint of sigmoid colon to rectum - Pain afferents follow parasympathetic fibers - Pelvic splanchnic to cord levels S2-4
35
Abdominal esophagus
- Begins at T10 at the esophageal hiatus | - Joins stomach at cardiac region
36
Parts of the stomach
- Cardia - Fundus - Body - Pylorus
37
Fundus of the stomach is positioned
- Against left dome of diaphragm
38
Parts of the pylorus
- Outflow region - Pyloric antrum - Pyloric canal - Pyloric sphincter - Pyloric orifice
39
Pyloric sphincter
- Thickened layer of smooth muscle | - Regulates release of chyme into duodenum
40
Interior of the stomach contains
- Gastric folds (rugae)
41
Stomach position and supine surface projection depends on
- Position - Body type - Fed-state
42
Intraperitoneal organ
- Covered by peritoneum (except at the “bare area”) | - Location of gastrophrenic ligament
43
Organs located anterior to the stomach
- Left lobe of liver - Diaphragm - Anterior abdominal wall
44
Organs located posterior (posterolateral) to the stomach
- Lesser sac - Pancreas - Left kidney - Adrenal gland - Spleen
45
Organs located superior to stomach
- Diaphragm
46
Organs located inferior to stomach
- Transverse colon | - Transverse mesocolon
47
Arterial bloody supply to stomach is from the
- Celiac trunk
48
Arteries supplying the stomach
- Rt. Gastric (RG) - Lt. Gastric (LG) - Rt. Gastroepiploic (Rt. GEP) - Lt. Gastroepiploic (Lt. GEP) - Short Gastric (SG)
49
Veins (same names as the arteries) drain into
- Portal venous system
50
Other branches supplying trunk
- Common hepatic artery (CHA) - Hepatic artery proper (HAP) - Gastroduodenal (GD) - Splenic (Spl)
51
Spleen (lien) function
- Prenatal hmatopoiesis - Storage and destruction of RBC and platelets - Iron and globin recycling - Immune function
52
Spleen (lien) location
- Left upper quadrant - Lies on diaphragm (ribs 9-11) - Recumbent position - Long axis parallels rib 10
53
Spleen (lien) can be injured by
- Rib fracture (lies on diaphragm/ribs 9-11)
54
Two surfaces of the spleen
- Diaphragmatic | - Visceral
55
Diaphragmatic surface of spleen (posterior, superior)
- Against diaphragm
56
Visceral surface of spleen
- Abuts organs (stomach, left kidney, left colic flexure) - Left colic flexure is inferior - Left kidney, stomach are medial - Stomach is anteromedial
57
Spleen is considered
- Intraperitoneal
58
Ligaments of the spleen
- Gastrosplenic ligament | - Splenorenal ligament
59
Gastrosplenic ligament
- Ggreater curvature to spleen | - Contains short gastric vessels
60
Splenorenal ligament
- Spleen to kidney - Contains splenic vessels and tail of pancreas - Splenic artery
61
Splenic artery
- Runs along upper border of pancreas - Very tortuous - Multiple branches enter spleen
62
Liver is considered
- Intraperitoneal
63
Liver function
- Exocrine secretion (bile production) - Endocrine secretion (IGF-1) - Receives blood from GI tract via portal vein (nutrient rich, except for fat) - Synthesis of proteins (clotting factors, albumin, etc) - Stores glycogen - Modifies toxic compounds (drug metabolism)
64
Two surfaces of liver
- Diaphragmatic | - Visceral
65
Diaphragmatic surface (anterior, superior, posterior) of liver
- Against diaphragm - Separates it from pericardial and pleural cavities - Subphrenic recesses
66
Subphrenic recesses (diaphragmatic surface of liver)
- Between liver and diaphragm
67
Visceral surface (posterior, inferior) of liver contains
- Right colic flexure - Right kidney - Stomach - Duodenum - IVC
68
Recesses of the visceral surface of liver
- Subhepatic recess | - Hepatoreneal recess
69
Diaphragmatic surface of liver is covered in
- Peritoneum (except for bare area) - Peritoneum reflects off as the coronary & triangular ligaments - Groove for IVC
70
Coronary & triangular ligaments
- Attaches liver to diaphragm
71
Falciform ligament
- Attaches to diaphragm and anterior ab wall | - Separates subphrenic spaces into left and right
72
Ligamentum teres hepatis (round ligament of the liver)
- Inferior edge of the falciform ligament - Obliterated umbilical vein (nutrient rich blood in fetus) - Paraumbilical veins pass through
73
Paraumbilical veins
- Pass through falciform ligament | - Connect superficial veins to portal venous system
74
Visceral surface of liver is covered in
- Covered in peritoneum | - Peritoneum covers gallbladder
75
Porta hepatis (transverse fissure of liver) contains
- Hepatic portal vein (posterior) - Hepatic artery (left) - Hepatic ducts (right) - Hepatic nerve plexus - Lymphatics
76
Visceral surface of the liver contains
- Porta hepatis - Fissures - Impressions from neighboring viscera
77
Fissures of the visceral surface of liver
- For round ligament of liver | - Ligamentum venosum
78
Ligamentum venosum
- Remnant of ductus venosus | - Shunts blood from umbilical vein to IVC
79
Anatomical lobes of the liver
- Left and right lobes | - Divided by falciform ligament
80
Functional subdivision of the liver is based on
- Branching of portal vein, hepatic artery and vein, and hepatic duct
81
Gall bladder function
- Stores and concentrates, and releases bile | - Covered by peritoneum
82
Gall bladder location
- Located in fossa on visceral surface of liver - Anterior/superior to duodenum - Level of costal margin of rib 9 - Transpyloric plane
83
Biliary ducts function
- Convey bile from liver/gallbladder to 2nd part of duodenum
84
Biliary ducts (names)
- Left and right hepatic ducts - Common hepatic duct - Cystic duct - Common bile duct
85
Biliary duct pathways
- Common bile duct passes posterior to duodenum - Joins main pancreatic duct (hepatopancreatic ampulla) - Open on the greater duodenal papilla (2nd part of duodenum)
86
Common bile duct passes
- Posterior to duodenum
87
Common bile duct joins with
- Main pancreatic duct | - Forms hepatopancreatic ampulla
88
Main pancreatic duct opens on the
- Greater duodenal papilla | - Located in 2nd part of duodenum
89
Spiral valve (fold)
- Keeps cystic duct open to allow bile flow | - Prevents excessive release
90
Sphincter of Boyden
- Sphincter of the common bile duct
91
Sphincter of Oddi
- Sphincter of ampulla
92
Blood supply to liver
- Dual blood supply - Portal vein - Hepatic arteries
93
Portal vein conducts
- 75-80% of blood to liver | - All nutrients absorbed from GI tract, except lipids
94
Hepatic arteries conduct
- 20-25% of blood to liver
95
Venous drainage of liver
- Left, right, and middle hepatic veins drain into IVC
96
Blood supply to gallbladder
- Cystic artery
97
Cystic artery
- Commonly branches from right hepatic (variation) - Post. to common hepatic duct (most common), can pass anterior - Cystohepatic triangle (of Calot)
98
Cystohepatic triangle (of Calot)
- Liver surface | - Cystic and common hepatic ducts
99
Right hepatic and superior pancreaticoduodenal supply
- Hepatic duc
100
Cholelithiasis
- Gallstones
101
Choledocholithiasis
- Bile duct stones
102
Cholecystitis
- Inflammation of the gallbladder
103
Cholecystectomy
- Removal of gallbladder
104
If pancreatic duct is blocked, patient will experience
- Pancreatitis (inflammation of pancreas)
105
Gallbladder referred pain is typically seen in
- Right shoulder - Right upper quadrant and back - Upper right quadrant
106
Gallbladder referred pain in the right shoulder involves
- Diaphragmatic parietal peritoneum irritation, innervated by phrenic (C3-5) - Overlap with sensory from shoulder (supraclavicular nerves, C3,4)
107
Gallbladder referred pain in the right upper quadrant and back involves
- Pain sensory fibers traveling in greater splanchnic nerve (T5-9) overlap with dermatomal innervation
108
Pancreas
- Exocrine/endocrine organ - Mostly retroperitoneal - Head is surrounded by duodenum - SMA and SMV enclosed by pancreas
109
The portal vein is formed
- Behind the neck of the pancreas
110
The neck and the uncinate process of the pancreas encolse
- SMA and SMV
111
Parts of the pancreas
- Head - Uncinate process - Neck - Body - Tail
112
Organs located anterior to the pancreas
- Lesser sac | - Stomach
113
Organs located posterior to the pancreas
- IVC - Aorta - SMA - Left crus of diaphragm - Left kidney - Suprarenal gland
114
Splenic artery runs along
- Superior surface of pancreas
115
Splenic vein runs on
- Posterior surface of pancreas
116
Pancreatic ducts
- Main pancreatic duct | - Accessory pancreatic ducts
117
Main pancreatic duct runs
- From tail to head
118
Blockage of the main pancreatic duct
- Can cause pancreatitis
119
Main pancreatic duct joins with
- The common bile duct | - Forms hepatopancreatic ampulla
120
Hepatopancreatic ampulla is also called
- Ampulla of Vater
121
Hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater)
- Opens in the 2nd part of duodenum on greater duodenal papilla
122
Smooth muscle sphincters
- Sphincter of the pancreatic duct - Sphincter of the bile ducts - Hepatopancreatic sphincter
123
Hepatopancreatic sphincter is also called
- Sphincter of Oddi
124
Sphincter of Oddi is around
- Hepatopancreatic ampulla
125
Accessory pancreatic duct
- Not always present | - Variation in drainage
126
Accessory pancreatic duct opens on
- The lesser (minor) duodenal papilla | - In the 2nd part of duodenum
127
Accessory pancreatic duct is located
- Superior to greater (major) duodenal papilla
128
The pancreas is supplied (arterial) by branches of
- Gastroduodenal - SMA - Splenic
129
Branches from gastroduodenal artery that supply the pancreas
- Anterior Superior Pancreaticoduondenal | - Posterior Superior Pancreaticoduondenal
130
Branches of the SMA that supply the pancreas
- Anterior Inferior Pancreaticoduodenal | - Posterior Inferior Pancreaticoduondenal
131
Branches of the splenic artery that supply the pancreas
- Dorsal pancreatic - Greater pancreatic - Caudal pancreatic - Inferior pancreatic (continuation of dorsal pancreatic)

Gross Anatomy (50 decks)

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