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Gross Anatomy > Thorax: Breast > Flashcards

Thorax: Breast Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior Axillary Line

A
  • Vertical line through anterior axillary fold
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2
Q

Posterior Axillary Line

A
  • Vertical line through posterior axillary fold
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3
Q

Midaxillary Line

A
  • Vertical line midway between the anterior and posterior axillary lines
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4
Q

Anterior Median Line

A
  • Vertical line down the midline
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5
Q

Midclavicular Lines

A
  • Parasagittal vertical lines through midpoint of the clavicle
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6
Q

Breast

A
  • Accessory reproductive organ
  • Glandular tissue embedded in fat (connective tissue)
  • Located in the superficial fascia
  • Anterior to deep fascia
  • Located from mid-axillary line to sternum, ribs 2-6
  • Axillary process (tail of Spence)
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7
Q

Areola

A
  • Pigmented area of skin
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8
Q

Montgomery Tubercles

A
  • Sebaceous glands located in areola
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9
Q

Nipple

A
  • Lacks hair, fat, and sweat glands
  • Smooth muscle
  • Fissured by lactiferous duct openings
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10
Q

Retromammary Space

A
  • Between the superficial and deep fascia

- Allows for breast movement on pectoral fascia

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11
Q

Glandular Tissue

A
  • 15-20 lobes of glandular tissue (parenchyma of the breast)

- Each lobe contains 20-40 terminal ductal lobular units

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12
Q

Terminal Ductal Lobular Unit (TDLU)

A
  • Each lobe drained by a lactiferous duct
  • Supported by suspensory ligaments (of Cooper)
  • Form fibrous septa, anchored to skin and deep fascia
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13
Q

Lactiferous Sinus

A
  • Dilated portion of duct
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14
Q

Parenchyma

A
  • Refers to functional tissue of an organ (breast in this case)
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15
Q

Medial Breast Arterial Supply

A
  • Perforating branches of internal thoracic artery (medial mammary arteries)
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16
Q

Lateral Breast Arterial Supply

A
  • Superior thoracic artery (lateral mammary arteries)
  • Lateral thoracic artery (lateral mammary arteries)
  • Pectoral branch of thoracoacromial artery
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17
Q

Anterior and Posterior Intercostal Arteries

A
  • Mammary branches
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18
Q

Cutaneous Innervation of Breast

A
  • 2nd – 6th Intercostal nerves
  • Lateral & anterior branches
  • Nipple is supplied by 4th intercostal nerve (ventral ramus of T4)
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19
Q

Lymph Nodes of the Breast

A
  • Axillary lymph nodes
  • Anterior (pectoral) nodes
  • Posterior (subscapular) nodes
  • Central nodes
  • Apical nodes
  • Parasternal nodes
  • Interpectoral nodes
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20
Q

Axillary Lymph Nodes

A
  • Anterior (pectoral) nodes
  • Posterior (subscapular) nodes
  • Central nodes
  • Apical nodes
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21
Q

Lymph Drainage

A
  1. Axillary pathway: 75% of lymph
    - Axillary nodes (anterior axillary nodes)
    - Can bypass the axillary nodes and drain directly
  2. Internal thoracic pathway(mammary) to the parasternal lymph nodes
    - Can communicate with lymph vessels of the opposite breast
  3. Retropectoral and Transpectoral pathways
  4. Subdiaphragmatic pathway
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22
Q

Tumors

A
  • Can invade through retromammary space and deep fascia

- Breast fixation

23
Q

Shortened Suspensory Ligaments

A
  • Skin dimpling and nipple retraction
24
Q

Pectoral Fascia

A
  • Covers anterior and posterior of pectoralis major

becomes axillary fascia (floor of axilla)

25
Q

Clavipectoral Fascia

A
  • Attaches to clavicle
  • Envelopes subclavius and pectoralis minor muscles - Pierced by cephalic vein, thoracoacromial artery, lateral pectoral nerve
  • Called suspensory ligament of axilla below pec minor
  • Connects to and supports axillary fascia
26
Q

Anterior Axio-Appendicular Muscles

A
  • Connect the pectoral girdle and humerus to the axial skeleton
  • Primarily function in moving the pectoral girdle and humerus
27
Q

Move the Pectoral Girdle and Humerus

A
  • Pectoralis major
  • Pectoralis minor
  • Subclavius
  • Serratus anterior
28
Q

Pectoralis Major

A
  • 2 heads

- Forms anterior axillary fold

29
Q

Proximal Attachment of Pectoralis Major

A
  • Medial ½ clavicle, anterior sternum, upper 6 costal cartilages, aponeurosis of external oblique muscle
30
Q

Distal Attachment of Pectoralis Major

A
  • Lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus
31
Q

Pectoralis Major Innervation

A
  • Lateral and medial pectoral nerves
32
Q

Pectoralis Major Function

A
  • Adduct, medial rotation, flexion and extension of humerus
33
Q

Aponeurosis

A
  • Flat tendon that part of the muscle attaches to
34
Q

Flexion vs. Extension

A
  • Muscle can act both ways depending on body position in gravity
35
Q

Pectoralis Minor

A
  • Deep to pec major
  • Important landmark (axillary artery, brachial plexus)
  • Subcoracoid space
36
Q

Subcoracoid Space

A
  • Brachial plexus, axillary vessels
37
Q

Proximal Attachment of Pectoralis Minor

A
  • Ribs 3-5
38
Q

Distal Attachment of Pectoralis Minor

A
  • Coracoid process
39
Q

Pectoralis Minor Innervation

A
  • Medial pectoral nerve
40
Q

Function of Pectoralis Minor

A
  • Stabilize scapula, pulls against thoracic wall (lateral angle moves inferiorly)
  • Accessory muscle of respiration
41
Q

Proximal Attachment of Subclavius

A
  • 1st rib/costal cartilage jxn
42
Q

Distal Attachment of Subclavius

A
  • Inferior, middle 1/3 of clavicle
43
Q

Innervation of Subclavius

A
  • Nerve to subclavius
44
Q

Function of Subclavius

A
  • Stabilize SC joint, depress clavicle
45
Q

Serratus Anterior

A
  • Boxer’s muscle

- Scapula protractor

46
Q

Proxima Attachment of Serratus Anterior

A
  • Lateral aspect of ribs 1-8 (9)
47
Q

Distal Attachment of Serratus Anterior

A
  • Anterior surface of medial scapular border
48
Q

Innervation of Serratus Anterior

A
  • Long thoracic nerve
49
Q

Function of Serratus Anterior

A
  • Scapular protraction and rotation, stabilizes against thorax
50
Q

Long Thoracic Nerve Injury

A
  • Branch of the brachial plexus
  • This nerve has a superficial location
  • Injured in: mastectomy, knife injury, chest tube
51
Q

Causes of Long Thoracic Nerve Injuries

A
  • Weakness or paralysis of serratus anterior
52
Q

Effects of Long Thoracic Nerve Injuries

A
  • Winging of the scapula

- Difficulty with arm elevation (abduction)

53
Q

Winging of Scapula

A
  • Medial border of scapula will no longer be against thorax and will stick out toward the back

Gross Anatomy (50 decks)

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