Bones and Joints of the Upper Extremity: Shoulder and Arm Flashcards
1
Q
Bones of the Upper Limb
A
- Shoulder girdle (pectoral girdle)
- Arm
- Forearm
- Hand
2
Q
Shoulder (Pectoral) Girdle
A
- Scapulae and clavicles
3
Q
Arm
A
- Humerus
4
Q
Forearm
A
- Radius
- Ulna
5
Q
Hand
A
- Carpals
- Metacarpals
- Phalanges
6
Q
Sternoclavicular Joint
A
- Only bony attachment between upper limb and axial skeleton
- Scapulo-thoracic articulation
7
Q
Axio-Appendicular Muscles
A
- Help support/stabilize upper limb
8
Q
Shoulder Movement Invovles
A
- Sternoclavicular joint (SC)
- Acromioclavicular (AC)
- Glenohumeral joints (GH)
- Scapulothoracic articulation
9
Q
Injury/pathology to any of the joints involved in shoulder movement
A
- Can hinder upper limb mobility
10
Q
Clavicle is a Strut
A
- Positions limb away from body
11
Q
Scapula Movement
A
- Lacks bony attachment to axial skeleton
- Allows for dynamic positioning and increased range of the upper limb
12
Q
Scapulohumeral Rhythm
A
- In full abduction (180ᵒ)
- 120ᵒ occurs at glenohumeral joint
- 60ᵒ occurs at scapulothoracic articulation
13
Q
Clavicle Bone
A
- Long bone with no medullary cavity
- First bone to begin ossification
- Superficial location, very palpable: good landmark
- Along with scapula, allows maximal upper extremity motion
- Transmits forces to axial skeleton
- Helps form cervico-axillary canal: beginning of axilla
- Muscle attachment
14
Q
Coracoclavicular Ligaments Attachment
A
- Acromial end of clavicle
15
Q
Conoid Ligament Attachment
A
- Conoid tubercle
16
Q
Trapezoid Ligament Attachment
A
- Trapezoid line
17
Q
Costoclavicular Ligament Attachment
A
- Sternal end of clavicle
18
Q
Sternal End of Clavicle
A
- Articulates with manubrium: sternoclavicular joint
19
Q
Acromial End of Clavicle
A
- Articulates with acromion: acromioclavicular joint
20
Q
Clavicle Fracture
A
- Very common
- Usually due to trauma (directly to shoulder or falling on outstretched hand)
- Middle 1/3 (midshaft) most common location of fracture
21
Q
Sternoclavicular Joint (SC)
A
- Between sternum and manubrium
- Saddle, synovial joint
- Very strong joint (ligament and muscle support)
- Contains an articular disc (absorbs shock)
22
Q
Ligaments of Sternoclavicular Joint
A
- Sternoclavicular (anterior, posterior)
- Interclavicular
- Costoclavicular
23
Q
Sternoclavicular Joint Movements
A
- Elevation/depression
- Anterior/posterior glide (protraction/retraction)
- Rotation
24
Q
Acromioclavicular Joint
A
- Between acromial end of clavicle and acromion of scapula
- Plane, synovial joint
25
Acromioclavicular Joint Ligaments
- Acromioclavicular
| - Coracoclavicular (Conoid: medial, Trapezoid: lateral)
26
Coracoclavicular Ligament (Acromioclavicular Joint)
- Important stabilizer of AC joint
27
Acromioclavicular Joint Movement
- Gliding movements in response to scapular movements
28
Suprascapular Notch
- Transverse scapular ligament converts into a foramen
| - Passageway for suprascapular nerve (not artery)
29
Glenoid Cavity
- Articulates with head of humerus
| - Glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint)
30
Glenohumeral Joint
- Ball and socket synovial joint
- Sacrifices stability for mobility
- Rotator cuff is a major support
- Between humeral head and glenoid fossa
- Glenoid labrum deepens cavity
- Long head of biceps brachii passes through the joint
31
Glenohumeral Joint Capsule
- Extends to anatomical neck
32
Ligaments of the Glenohumeral Joint
- Glenohumeral
- Coracohumeral
- Transverse humeral
- Coraco-acromial (arch)
33
Bursae of Glenohumeral Joint
- Located between tendon and bone/ligament/other tendon
- Subscapular
- Subacromial
34
Subscapular Bursa of Glenohumeral Joint
- Extension of joint cavity
| - Protects subscapularis tendon
35
Subacromial Bursa of Glenohumeral Joint
- Located between coracoacromial arch and joint capsule/suprspinatus tendon
36
Movement of Glenohumeral Joint
- Large amount
| - Flex/ext, abd/add, rotation, circumduction
37
Midhumeral Shaft Fracture
- Can damage deep artery of the arm and/or radial nerve
- Can cause a wrist drop
- Triceps (elbow extension) weak but should be present
38
Supracondylar (Supraepicondylar) Fracture
- Distal fragment can be pulled superiorly: limb shortening
- Fragments can damage surrounding neurovasculature (especially median nerve or brachial artery)
- Loss of wrist and hand function
- Sensory loss: lateral, palmar surface of hand
39
Surgical Neck Fracture of the Humerus
- Can damage axillary nerve and posterior humeral circumflex artery
- Loss of shoulder abduction
- Weak external rotation
- Loss of sensation over lateral shoulder
40
Inferior Shoulder Dislocation
- Can also damage axillary nerve
