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Gross Anatomy > Pelvis: Male and Female Reproductive Anatomy > Flashcards

Pelvis: Male and Female Reproductive Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Testis

A
  • Produce sperm
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2
Q

Epididymis

A
  • Storage and maturation of sperm
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3
Q

Vas deferens (ductus deferens)

A
  • Transport of sperm from epididymis
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4
Q

Seminal vesicles

A
  • Secrete seminal fluid added to sperm (about 60-70%)
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5
Q

Ejaculatory ducts

A
  • Formed by the union of the ductus deferens and seminal vesicles
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6
Q

Prostate

A
  • Secrete seminal fluid added to sperm (about 30%)
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7
Q

Bulbourethral glands

A
  • Contribute small amounts of fluid to semen
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8
Q

Pathway of sperm

A
  • Epididymis
  • Vas deferens
  • Ejaculatory ducts
  • Prostatic urethra
  • Membranous urethra
  • Spongy urethra
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9
Q

Ductus deferens

A
  • Thick, smooth muscle wall

- Sympathetics (cause contraction during ejaculation)

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10
Q

Seminal gland (seminal vesicles)

A
  • Between bladder fundus and rectum

- Secrete thick alkaline fluid (fructose, coagulating agent)

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11
Q

Ejaculatory ducts

A
  • Junction of the ampulla of ductus deferens and duct of the seminal vesicle
  • Passes through prostate gland, opens on the seminal colliculus in the prostatic urethra
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12
Q

Prostate features

A
  • Walnut size gland, anterior to rectum
  • 2/3 glandular tissue
  • 1/3 fibromuscular tissue
    Prostatic ducts
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13
Q

Prostate location

A
  • Base is superior (inferior to bladder neck )

- Apex is inferior

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14
Q

Prostatic ducts

A
  • About 20-30

- Open into the prostatic sinuses

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15
Q

Bulborethral gland

A
  • Posterior to membranous uretha
  • Embedded in external urethral sphincter
  • Ducts open proximal spongy urethra
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16
Q

Prostate anatomical lobes

A
  • Anterior (Isthmus)
  • Posterior
  • Lateral (left & right)
  • Median (Middle)
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17
Q

Prostate zones

A
  • Peripheral
  • Central
  • Transitional
  • Fibromuscular
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18
Q

Peripheral zone of prostate

A
  • 70% of glandular volume
  • Surrounds distal prostatic urethra
  • Accessible by DRE
  • Majority of prostate cancers
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19
Q

Central zone of prostate

A
  • 25% of glandular volume
  • Surrounds ejaculatory ducts
  • Small % of cancers, but aggressive
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20
Q

Transitional zone of prostate

A
  • 5% of glandular volume
  • Surrounds proximal urethra
  • BPH
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21
Q

Fibromuscular zone of prostate

A
  • No glandular tissue
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22
Q

Male external genitalia

A
  • Penis (and urethra)

- Scrotum

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23
Q

Penis

A
  • Part of the urinary and reproductive systems

- 3 cylinders of erectile tissue

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24
Q

3 cylinders of erectile tissue of penis

A
  • Paired corpora cavernosa

- Corpus spongiosum

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25
Q

3 parts of the penis

A
  • Root
  • Body
  • Glans
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26
Q

Root of the penis

A
  • Attached portion
  • Crura
  • Bulb
  • Bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles
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27
Q

Crura of penis

A
  • Attached to ischial rami
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28
Q

Bulb of penis

A
  • Attached to perineal membrane
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29
Q

Bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles of penis

A
  • Surround bulb and crura
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30
Q

Body of penis

A
  • Pendulous part

- Formed by 2 corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum coming together

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31
Q

Glans of penis

A
  • Head (expansion of corpus spongiosum)

- External urethral orifice

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32
Q

Layers of the penis

A
  1. Skin
  2. Superficial fascia (Dartos fascia)
  3. Bucks fascia (deep fascia)
  4. Tunica albuginea
  5. Erectile tissue
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33
Q

Skin of penis

A
  • Prepuce (foreskin) covers glans if uncircumcised

- Frenulum (attaches foreskin to ventral penis)

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34
Q

Tunica albuginea of penis

A
  • 2 layers of fibrous tissue
  • Thinner around the corpus spongiosum
  • Glans penis is not surrounded by tunica albugine
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35
Q

Erectile tissue of penis contains

A
  • Corpora cavernosa (separated by incomplete septum)

- Corpus spongiosum (spongy urethra)

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36
Q

Arterial supply of penis

A
  • Internal pudendal arteries
  • Dorsal arteries of the penis (paired)
  • Deep arteries of the penis/cavernosal (paired)
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37
Q

Dorsal arteries of the penis (paired)

A
  • Circumflex branches

- Supply skin, CT, corpus spongiosum, glans penis, urethra

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38
Q

Deep arteries of the penis/cavernosal (paired)

A
  • Travel through corpora cavernosa

- Supply helicine arteries within the erectile tissue

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39
Q

Female internal anatomy

A
  • Ovaries
  • Uterine Tubes
  • Uterus
  • Vagina
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40
Q

Broad ligament

A
  • Lateral extensions of peritoneum from uterus to pelvic wall
  • Minimal role in uterine support
  • Maintains organ alignment
  • Passageway for vessels/nerves
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41
Q

3 subdivisions of the broad ligament

A
  • Mesometrium
  • Mesosaplinx
  • Mesovarium
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42
Q

Mesosalpinx

A
  • Surrounds the uterine tube
  • Continuous with ovarian and suspensory ligament
  • Contains branches of ovarian and uterine arteries
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43
Q

Mexovarium

A
  • Projects from posterior aspect of broad ligament

- Attached to ovary

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44
Q

Suspensory ligament of the ovary

A
  • Peritoneal fold that extends from pelvic wall to superior pole of ovary
  • Contains ovarian vessels, nerves, lymph
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45
Q

Ovarian ligament

A
  • Fibrous band within broad ligament
  • Attaches ovary to cornu of uterus (just inferior to uterine tubes)
  • Ovary is suspended in peritoneal cavity
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46
Q

Remnants of female gubernaculum

A
  • Ovarian ligament

- Round ligament

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47
Q

Round ligament

A
  • Attached to lateral cornu of uterus
  • Travels through inguinal canal
  • Contains small amounts of smooth muscle
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48
Q

Ovaries

A
  • Female gonads within true pelvis, suspended in peritoneal cavity
  • Supported by mesovarium and ovarian ligament
  • Superior pole
  • Inferior pole
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49
Q

Superior pole of ovary

A
  • Suspensory ligament, fimbriae
50
Q

Inferior pole of ovary

A
  • Ligament of ovary
51
Q

Uterine tubes (oviducts, fallopian tubes)

A
  • Usual site of fertilization
  • Conduct oocyte toward uterus
  • Most common site of ectopic pregnancies
52
Q

4 parts of the uterine tube

A
  • Infundibulum
  • Ampulla
  • Isthmus
  • Uterine (intramural)
53
Q

Infundibulum

A
  • Opens into peritoneal cavity through fimbriae

- Ovarian fimbria

54
Q

Fimbriae

A
  • Finger-like process of the infundibulum
55
Q

Ampulla of the uterine tube

A
  • Widest and longest part

- Fertilization most commonly occurs here

56
Q

Uterus

A
  • Thick-walled, muscular organ
  • Anteverted, anteflexed position
  • Covered by peritoneum (not cervix)
  • Notice relationship of posterior vaginal fornix to rectouterine pouch
57
Q

Nongravid uterus

A
  • Located in lesser pelvis
58
Q

Culdocentesis (largely replaced by ultrasound)

A
  • Access the rectouterine pouch through posterior vaginal fornix
59
Q

Body of uterus

A
  • Fundus superior to uterine ostia
  • In between layers of the broad ligament (movable)
  • Wall made of 3 layers
  • Uterine cavity
  • Uterine horns
60
Q

3 layers of uterus

A
  • Endometrium
  • Myometrium
  • Perimetrium
61
Q

Endometrium of uterus

A
  • Site of implantation

- Cyclical regeneration

62
Q

Myometrium of uterus

A
  • Smooth muscle
63
Q

Perimetrium of uterus

A
  • Serosa
64
Q

Uterine horns

A
  • Where uterine tubes enter
65
Q

Isthmus of uterus

A
  • Constricted portion
66
Q

Cervix

A
  • Inferior 1/3 of uterus
  • More fibroelastic tissue than body (less muscle)
  • Supravaginal (endocervix)
  • Vaginal (ectocervix)
  • Cervical canal
67
Q

Vaginal portion of cervix (ectocervix)

A
  • Surrounded by vaginal fornices
68
Q

Cervical canal contains

A
  • Internal os (opens to uterine cavity)

- External os (opens to vagina)

69
Q

Vagina

A
  • Distensible musculomembranous tube
70
Q

Vagina communicates with

A
  • Cervical canal

- Vestibule of the vagina

71
Q

Vagina function

A
  • Part of the birth canal
  • Conduit for menstrual flow
  • Sexual intercourse
72
Q

Vaginal walls

A
  • Approximated (except around cervix)
73
Q

Fornices

A
  • Superior recesses that surround ectocervix (vaginal cervix)
74
Q

Vaginal fornices located

A
  • Anterior, posterior (approximates rectouterine pouch), lateral
75
Q

Anterior wall of vagina size

A
  • Shorter than posterior
76
Q

Anterior wall of vagina location

A
  • Posterior to the bladder and urethra (cervix/vaginal fascia also supports) bladder
77
Q

Posterior wall of vagina is anterior to

A
  • Rectum
  • Anal canal
  • Pouch of Douglas
78
Q

Arterial supply ovaries and uterine tubes

A
  • Ovarian artery

- Uterine artery

79
Q

Ovarian artery

A
  • Branches from abdominal aorta

- Travels through suspensory ligament

80
Q

Uterine artery

A
  • Ascending branch bifurcates into tubal and ovarian branches
  • Ovarian and uterine arteries anastomose
81
Q

Arterial supply of the uterus

A
  • Ovarian arteries

- Uterine arteries

82
Q

Arterial supply of the vagina

A
  • Superior: uterine arteries

- Middle and inferior: vaginal and internal pudendal

83
Q

Venous drainage of ovary

A
  • Right ovarian vein > IVC

- Left ovarian vein > left renal

84
Q

Pelvic viscera support

A
  • Maintain proper alignment/prevents prolapse
  • Pelvic diaphragm
  • Endopelvic fascia/ligaments
85
Q

Pelvic diaphragm

A
  • Constant tone

- Dynamic

86
Q

Endopelvic fascia/ligaments function

A
  • Contain smooth muscle

- Help maintain alignment

87
Q

Endopelvic ligaments

A
  • Transverse cervical (cardinal ligament)
  • Uterosacral ligament
  • Pubocervical ligament
  • Rectovaginal septum
88
Q

Female external genitalia (vulva)

A
  • Mons pubis
  • Labia majora
  • Labia minora
  • Clitoris
89
Q

Mons pubis

A
  • Fatty eminence over pubic bone and symphysis
90
Q

Labia majora

A
  • Cutaneous fold containing fat and round ligament
  • Lateral boundary of pudendal cleft
  • Outer: Pubic hair and sebaceous glands (inner are hairless)
91
Q

Labia minora

A
  • Fat-free, hairless
  • Has sebaceous glands and sensory nerve endings
  • Contains a core of “erectile like” tissue
  • Enclose vestibule of vagina
  • Frenulum of clitoris
  • Prepuce of clitoris
92
Q

Vestibule of external female genitalia

A
  • Space surrounded by labia minora

- Openings for external urethra and vagina

93
Q

Mucous secreting glands of vestibule (vulva)

A
  • Lesser vestibular glands (Skenes)

- Greater vestibular glands (Bartholins)

94
Q

Lesser vestibular glands (Skenes)

A
  • Sides of urethral orifice
95
Q

Greater vestibular glands (Bartholins)

A
  • 5’ and 7’ o’clock position relative to vaginal orifice
96
Q

Clitoris

A
  • Erectile, sensory organ
  • Located where labia minor meet anteriorly
  • Surrounded by tunica albuginea
97
Q

Parts of the clitoris

A
  • Crura (2)
  • Body
  • Glans
98
Q

Crura (2) of clitoris

A
  • Attached to inferior pubic rami
99
Q

Body of clitoris

A
  • Where the 2 corpora cavernosa meet

- Covered by prepuce

100
Q

Glans of clitoris

A
  • Spongy erectile tissue with high density of sensory endings
  • Receives erectile tissue slips from vestibular bulb
101
Q

Sensory innervation of clitoris

A
  • Dorsal nerve of clitoris (pudendal nerve)

- Autonomics: cavernous nerves from uterovaginal plexus

102
Q

Bulb of vestibule is located

A
  • Alongside vaginal and urethral orifice

- Deep to labia

103
Q

Bulb of vestibule is covered by

A
  • Bulbospongiosus muscle
104
Q

Bulb of vestibule contributes to

A
  • Glans clitoris
105
Q

Bulb of vestibule

A
  • Erectile tissue

- Stabilizes vaginal wall

106
Q

Internal iliac artery supplies

A
  • Pelvic region
  • Perineum
  • Gluteal and medial thigh regions
107
Q

Internal iliac artery location

A
  • Begins L5/S1 disc level

- Variation in branching patterns

108
Q

Internal iliac artery divides into

A
  • Anterior division

- Posterior division

109
Q

Nerves found in the pelvis

A
  • Obturator nerve (L2,3,4)

- Lumbosacral trunk (L4,5)

110
Q

Obturator nerve (L2,3,4)

A
  • Descends into pelvis from lumbar plexus

- Exits pelvis through obturator canal (enters medial thigh)

111
Q

Lumbosacral trunk (L4,5)

A
  • Joins sacral plexus
112
Q

Sacral plexus located

A
  • S1-S4

- Anterior to piriformis

113
Q

Nerves derived from sacral plexus can have

A
  • L4 and L5 root because of lumbosacral trunk
114
Q

Most branches of sacral plexus exit pelvis through

A
  • GSF to lower extremity and perieneum
115
Q

Pelvic autonomic nerves

A
  • Inferior hypogastric plexus
116
Q

Inferior hypogastric plexus receives sympathetics from

A
  • Hypogastric nerves from superior hypogastric plexus

- Sacral splanchnic nerves from sacral sympathetic trunk

117
Q

Inferior hypogastric plexus receives parasympathetic nerves from

A
  • Pelvic splanchnic (S2-4)
118
Q

Autonomic innervation of penis/clitoris (erection)

A
  • Inferior hypogastric plexus > Prostatic/Uterovaginal plexus > Cavernous nerves
119
Q

Autonomics involved with penis/clitoris (erection) contain

A
  • Sympathetics and parasympathetics
  • Parasympathetics: erection
  • Innervates helicine arteries
120
Q

Prostate surgery

A
  • Can damage cavernous nerves

Gross Anatomy (50 decks)

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