Introduction Flashcards
Anatomical Position
- Body erect, arms at the side, palms forward
- Feet shoulder width, parallel, toes forward
- Facing forward
Anatomical Planes
- Median plane (median sagittal, midsagittal)
- Sagittal
- Frontal (coronal)
- Transverse
Dermis
- Contains tension lines (Langer lines, cleavage lines)
- Natural orientation of collagen fibers in dermis
Fascia
- Connective tissue that surrounds organs, muscles, vessels, etc.
- “Wrapping and packing” material
- Create compartments and boundaries
- Limit spread of infection and cancer
Superficial Fascia
- Less dense connective tissue
- Deep to dermis
- Larger fat content vs. deep fascia
Deep/Investing Fascia
- Deep to subcutaneous tissue
- Typically denser than superficial fascia
- Forms fascial compartments
- Intermuscular septa
Cardiac and Smooth Muscle Systems
- Intrinsic and autonomic nervous systems
Skeletal Muscle System
- Somatic nervous system
Skeletal Muscle
- Attached to bone or something else via organized collagen (tendon, aponeurosis, epimysium)
Muscle Bellies/Heads
- Contractile portion
- Can have more than one
Lymphatic System
- Interconnected network of channels;
- Superficial and deep
- Found in most areas of the body
- Coalesce to form lymph trunks and ducts
- Eventually drains into venous system
Lymphatic System Function
- Returns fluid and extracellular protein to circulation
- Part of immune defense system
- Fat absorption and transport
Lymph Nodes
- Small encapsulated structures
- Part of immune system
- Filters
Clinical Importance of Lymph Nodes
- Sites of metastasis
- Body regions are associated with groups of lymph nodes
- Some are accessible to palpation
Axial Skeletal System
- Skull
- Ribs sternum
- Vertebral column
Appendicular Skeletal System
- Bones of pectoral and pelvic girdles
- Limb bones
Bone
- Covered with periosteum (except where there is cartilage, tendon/ligament attachment
- Compact vs. spongy (trabecular)
- Supplied by nutrient arteries
Bone Attachment Points for Muscle and Tendons, Ligaments, and Fascia
- Tubercle
- Process
- Line
Bone Openings
- Foramen
- Canal
- Meatus
Cartilage
- Elastic cartilage
- Fibrocartilage (pubic symphasis and IVD)
- Hyaline (costal cartilage and articular cartilage)
Synarthrosis
- No bone movement
Amphiarthrosis
- Slightly movable bone
Diarthrosis
- Freely movable bone
Fibrous Joints
- United by fibrous connective tissue
Cartilaginous Joints
- United by cartilage
Synovial Joints
- Multiple characteristics
Arterial Supply to Joints
- Articular branches from neighboring vessels
- Periarticular anastomoses
- Constant blood supply, regardless of position
Nerve Supply to Joints
- Articular branches
Hilton’s Law
- Nerve supplying a joint also supplies muscles moving the joint and skin over distal muscle attachment
Fibrous Joints
- No joint cavity
- Bones united by fibrous CT
- Length of fibers determines movement allowed
Types of Fibrous Joints
- Suture
- Gomphosis
- Syndesmosis
Suture Joint
- Fibrous joint, synarthrosis (adult)
Gomphosis Joint
- Fibrous joint, synarthrosis
- Ex: tooth and jaw alveolar process
Syndesmosis Joint
- Fibrous, amphiarthrosis
- Ex: radioulnar syndesmosis
Cartilaginous Joints
- Lacks joint cavity
- Bones united by cartilage
Synchondroses Joints
- United by hyaline cartilage (primary cartilaginous joint)
- Usually temporary
- Examples: growth plates, 1st rib/manubrium, synarthrosis
Symphysis Joints
- United by fibrocartilage (secondary cartilaginous joint)
- IVD and pubic symphysis
- Amphiarthrosis
Synchondrosis Joint
- Cartilaginous joint (hyaline)
Types of Cartilaginous Joints
- Synchondroses
- Symphysis
- Synchondrosis
Synovial Joints
- All are diarthrosis joints
- Articular capsule, 2 layers: outer fibrous capsule and inner synovial membrane (secretes fluid)
- Synovial cavity
- Articular cartilage (hyaline) covers ends of bones
- Accessory ligaments, articular discs, bursae
Types of Diarthrotic (Synovial) Joints
- Ball and socket (spheroid)
- Ellipsoidal (condyloid)
- Gliding (planar)
- Hinge (ginglymus)
- Pivot (trochoid)
- Saddle (sellaris)
