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Gross Anatomy > Head: Face, Facial Nerve, Trigeminal Nerve > Flashcards

Head: Face, Facial Nerve, Trigeminal Nerve Flashcards

1
Q

Face

A
  • Supraorbital margin to chin, ear-to-ear

- Role in communication and identity

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2
Q

Scalp

A
  • Supraorbital margin to superior nuchal lines, zygomatic arch to zygomatic arch
  • Good vascular supply
  • 5 layers
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3
Q

5 Layers of the Scalp

A
  • Skin
  • Connective tissue (dense)
  • Aponeurosis (epicranial aponeurosis)
  • Loose connective tissue
  • Pericranium
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4
Q

Skin of the scalp contains

A
  • Sweat glands
  • Sebaceous glands
  • Hair follicles
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5
Q

Aponeurosis of the scalp

A
  • Also called the galea aponeurotica

- Tendon sheet that connects bellies of occipitofrontalis (epicranius)

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6
Q

Loose connective tissue of the scalp

A
  • Potential space, allows for movement of the scalp proper (layers 1-3)
  • Danger space of the scalp
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7
Q

Danger space of the scalp

A
  • Emissary veins communicate with the dural sinuses in the cranial cavity
  • Infection can spread to cranial cavity structures (meninges)
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8
Q

Pericranium

A
  • Periosteum of the skull
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9
Q

Muscles of facial expression are located/innervated

A
  • Located in the subcutaneous tissue of the face, neck, scalp
  • Innervated by facial nerve (CN VII)
  • Muscle fibers intermingle
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10
Q

Occipitofrontalis function

A
  • Wrinkles eyebrows
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11
Q

Orcibularis Oculi function

A
  • Narrows palpebral fissure (closes eyelid)
  • Assist movement of lacrimal fluid
  • Palpebral and orbital parts
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12
Q

Orbicularis Oris function

A
  • Important in speech, eating, facial expression
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13
Q

Buccinator attachments

A
  • Alveolar processes of maxillae and mandible

- Pterygomandibular raphe

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14
Q

Buccinator muscle

A
  • Covered by buccal fat pad

- Helps keep food between teeth during eating

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15
Q

Preganglionics originate in the brainstem and travel in these nerves

A
  • Occulomotor nerve
  • Facial nerve
  • Glossopharyngeal nerve
  • Vagus nerve
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16
Q

Preganglionics of occulomotor nerve pathway

A
  1. Occulomotor nerve
  2. Ciliary ganglia
  3. Intrinsic eye muscles
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17
Q

Preganglionics of Facial Nerve contains both

A
  • Pterygopalatine ganglia

- Submandibular ganglia

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18
Q

Pteryopalatine ganglia of facial nerve pathway

A
  1. Facial nerve
  2. Pteryopalatine ganglia
  3. Lacrimal and nasal glands
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19
Q

Submandibular ganglia of facial nerve pathway

A
  1. Facial nerve
  2. Submandibular ganglia
  3. Sublingual and submandibular glands
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20
Q

Preganglionics of glossopharyngeal nerve pathway

A
  1. Glossopharyngeal nerve
  2. Otic ganglia
  3. Parotid gland
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21
Q

Preganglionics of vagus nerve pathway

A
  1. Vagus nerve

2. Parasympathetic function to thorax/abdomen

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22
Q

Facial Nerve (CN VII) contains

A
  • Somatic motor nerve fibers
  • Parasympathetic motor nerve fibers
  • Sensory nerve fibers
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23
Q

Two roots of facial nerve exit the brainstem at

A
  • Pontomedullary junction
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24
Q

Two roots of facial nerve exiting through pontomedullary juntcion

A
  • Sensory/parasympathetic root (nervus intermedius)

- Motor root

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25
Q

Sensory nerve fibers of facial nerve root supply

A
  • Somatosensory (part of the ear)

- Taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue and palate)

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26
Q

Presynaptic parasympathetic nerve fibers of facial nerve root supply

A
  • Lacrimal gland
  • Submandibular gland
  • Sublingual gland
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27
Q

Motor root of facial nerve roots supply

A
  • Muscles of facial expression
  • Stapedius
  • Stylohyoid
  • Posterior belly of digastric
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28
Q

Two roots of facial nerve entry point

A
  • Internal acoustic meatus

- Join together inside the facial canal

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29
Q

Branches of facial nerve in the facial canal

A
  • Greater petrosal nerve
  • Chorda tympani nerve
  • Nerve to stapedius
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30
Q

Greater Petrosal Nerve contains

A
  • Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers

- Go to pterygopalatine ganglion (located in the pterygopalatine fossa)

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31
Q

Chorda Tympani Nerve

A
  • Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the submandibular ganglion
  • Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue
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32
Q

Nerve to Stapedius

A
  • Innervates stapedius muscle
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33
Q

Geniculate Ganglion contains

A
  • Cell bodies of sensory neurons associated with CN VII (somatosensory, taste)
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34
Q

Motor to facial muscles exit point

A
  • Exits skull through stylomastoid foramen
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35
Q

Motor to facial muscles gives off

A
  • Posterior auricular branch

- Branches to stylohyloid and posterior belly of digastric

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36
Q

Entry point of motor innervation

A
  • Enters parotid gland

- Forms parotid plexus (within gland)

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37
Q

Branches of the Parotid Plexus

A
  • Temporal
  • Zygomatic
  • Buccal
  • Marginal mandibular
  • Cervical
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38
Q

Lesions to Facial Nerve

A
  • Symptoms depend on location of injury
  • Paralysis of facial muscles
  • Hyperacusis
  • Loss of corneal reflex
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39
Q

Loss of/altered functions/sensations in lesions to the Facial Nerve

A
  • Lacrimation
  • Taste anterior 2/3 tongue
  • Salivation
40
Q

Bell’s Palsy

A
  • Idiopathic facial paralysis
  • Cause: unknown exactly
  • Compression, ischemia, demyelination of facial nerve in facial canal
  • Can see other symptoms depending on location
41
Q

Content of the Parotid region

A
  • Parotid gland and duct
  • Facial nerve (parotid plexus)
  • Retromandibular vein
  • External carotid artery
  • Parotid lymph nodes
  • Masseter muscle
42
Q

Parotid region content that passes through the glandular tissue

A
  • Facial nerve (parotid plexus)
  • Retromandibular vein
  • External carotid artery
43
Q

Parotid Gland

A
  • Largest salivary gland
  • Facial nerve plexus embedded within
  • Surrounded by parotid sheath (connective tissue capsule)
  • Inflammation is painful
44
Q

Parotid Gland location

A
  • Between mandibular ramus and mastoid process
45
Q

Parotid duct (Stensons duct)

A
  • 5-7 cm long
  • Finger width below zygomatic arch (superficial location)
  • Crosses masseter and dives deep at its anterior border
  • Pierces buccal fat pad and buccinator to enter oral cavity (2nd maxillary molar)
  • Buccal branches of facial found alongside
46
Q

Sensory innervation of the Parotid Gland

A
  • Auriculotemporal nerve (branch of V3)

- Great auricular nerve

47
Q

Autonomic innervation of Parotid Gland influences

A
  • Glandular secretion

- Blood flow to the gland

48
Q

Sympathetic innervation of the Parotid Gland

A
  • Postsynaptic from superior cervical ganglia

- Travel in the the external carotid nerve plexus to the gland

49
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of the Parotid Gland

A
  • Presynaptic travel in glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
50
Q

Cutaneous innervation of the face and scalp

A
  • Trigeminal nerve
  • Dorsal rami of C2 and C3
  • Lesser occipital
  • Great auricular
51
Q

Trigeminal nerve innervates

A
  • Face and scalp anterior to the vertex
52
Q

Dorsal rami of C2 and C3 innervate

A
  • Posterior to vertex

- Upper neck

53
Q

Lesser occipital nerve innervation

A
  • Cervical plexus

- C2

54
Q

Great auricular nerve innervation

A
  • Cervical plexus

- C2 and 3

55
Q

Trigeminal nerve roots (motor and sensory) emerge from

A
  • The pons
56
Q

Three divisions of Trigeminal Nerve

A
  • Ophthalmic (V1)
  • Maxillary (V2)
  • Mandibular (V3)
57
Q

Sensory root of Trigeminal Nerve (follows all 3 divisions)

A
  • Face, oral cavity, tongue, palate, nasal cavity, sinuses

- Sensory cell bodies are located in the trigeminal ganglion

58
Q

Motor root of Trigeminal Nerve (follows V3) innervates

A
  • Muscles of mastication
  • Tensor tympani
  • Tensor veli palatini
  • Anterior belly of digastric and mylohyoid
59
Q

Opthalmic Nerve (V1) passes through

A
  • Passes through superior orbital fissure to enter orbit

- Branches associated with face sensation

60
Q

Frontal branches of Opthalmic Nerve (V1)

A
  • Supraorbital

- Supratrochlear

61
Q

Nasociliary branches of Opthalmic Nerve (V1)

A
  • External nasal

- Infratrochlear

62
Q

Branches of Opthalmic Nerve (V1) associated with facial sensation

A
  • Fronatl
  • Nasociliary
  • Lacrimal
63
Q

Maxilarry Nerve (V2) passes through

A
  • Passes through foramen rotundum to enter pterygopalatine fossa
  • Branches associated with face sensation
64
Q

Branches of Maxillary Nerve (V2) associated with facial sensation

A
  • Zygomatic

- Infraorbital

65
Q

Zygomatic branches of Maxillary Nerve (V2)

A
  • Zygomaticotemporal

- Zygomaticofacial

66
Q

Mandibular Nerve (V3) passes through

A
  • Passes through foramen ovale to enter infratemporal fossa

- Branches associated with facial sensation

67
Q

Branches of Mandibular Nerve (V3) associated with facial sensation

A
  • Auriculotemporal
  • Buccal
  • Mental nerve
68
Q

Arteries of face and scalp are primarily branches of

A
  • External carotid
69
Q

Branches of external carotid that supply the face and scalp

A
  • Occipital
  • Posterior auricular
  • Superficial temporal
70
Q

Superficial Temporal branch of ECA

A
  • Terminal branch of external carotid
  • Passes between TMJ and auricle
  • Travels with auriculotemporal nerve
71
Q

Branches from opthlamic artery (which is a branch of the internal carotid) that supply the face and scalp

A
  • Supraorbital

- Supratrochlear

72
Q

Arteries of the face

A
  • Transverse facial artery
  • Branch of superficial temporal
  • Mental artery
  • Supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries (from the internal carotid)
73
Q

Facial artery branches

A
  • Inferior and superior labial arteries
  • Lateral nasal
  • Angular: terminal continuation of facial
74
Q

Veins of the scalp (same names as the arteries)

A
  • Supraorbital vein
  • Supratrochlear vein
  • Superficial temporal vein
  • Occipital vein
  • Posterior auricular vein
75
Q

Veins of the face

A
  • Supraorbital
  • Supratrochlear
  • Angular vein
  • Facial vein
  • Retromandibular vein
76
Q

Angular vein

A
  • Communicates through orbit with superior ophthalmic vein

- Route of infection spread from face to intracranium

77
Q

Facial vein

A
  • Continuation of angular vein
78
Q

Retromandibular vein is formed by/passes through

A
  • Superficial temporal and maxillary veins

- Passes through parotid gland superficial to ECA

79
Q

Posterior division of retromandibular vein

A
  • Joins posterior auricular > EJV
80
Q

Anterior division of retromandibular vein

A
  • Joins facial > common facial > IJV
81
Q

Supraorbital and supratrochlear veins

A
  • Unite to form the angular vein
82
Q

Facial pulse location

A
  • Anterior to masseter muscle
83
Q

Superficial temporal pulse location

A
  • Anterior auricle
84
Q

Lymph drainage of the superficial face and scalp

A
  • Drain into pericervical collar of lymph nodes
85
Q

Submental node receive drainage from

A
  • Chin

- Central lip

86
Q

Submandibular nodes receive drainage from

A
  • Lateral nose
  • Upper lip
  • Lateral lower lip
87
Q

Parotid nodes receive drainage from

A
  • Lateral face
  • Ffrontal/temporal scalp
  • Eyelids
  • External acoustic meatus
88
Q

Preauricular nodes receive drainage from

A
  • Lateral parietal scalp

- Anterior ear

89
Q

Mastoid nodes receive drainage from

A
  • Posterior ear
  • Posterolateral scalp
  • Posterior external auditory meatus
90
Q

Occipital nodes receive drainage from

A
  • Posteror scalp (occipital area)
91
Q

All superficial face and scalp eventually drain into

A
  • Superficial and deep cervical lymph nodes (mostly deep cervical nodes)
92
Q

Tympanic nerve (branch of CN IX) travels to

A
  • The tympanic plexus

- Exits tympanic cavity in the lesser petrosal nerve

93
Q

Foramen ovale

A
  • Exit point for tympanic nerve

- Nerve travels along floor of middle cranial fossa, exits out the foramen ovale

94
Q

After exiting the foramen ovale, the tympanic nerve

A
  • Synapses in the otic ganglion located in infratemporal fossa
95
Q

Postsynaptic fibers of tympanic nerve

A
  • Travel within the auriculotemporal nerve (branch of V3) to the parotid gland

Gross Anatomy (50 decks)

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