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Gross Anatomy > Head: Pharynx > Flashcards

Head: Pharynx Flashcards

1
Q

Pharynx is part of

A
  • The alimentary system

- Shared with respiratory system

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2
Q

Pharynx extends from

A
  • Extends from cranial base to the level of the cricoid cartilage (C6 level)
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3
Q

Pharynx is narrowest where

A
  • Narrowest where it is continuous with the esophagus
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4
Q

Pharynx is located immediately

A
  • Immediately anterior to cervical vertebrae
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5
Q

3 parts of the Pharynx

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
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6
Q

Nasopharynx location

A
  • Posterior to nasal cavity

- Superior to soft palate

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7
Q

Oropharynx location

A
  • Posterior to oral cavity
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8
Q

Laryngopharynx location

A
  • Posterior to larynx
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9
Q

Cervical Esophagus

A
  • Begins at pharyngo-esophageal jxn (location of criopharyngeus)
  • Vertebral level C6
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10
Q

Nasopharynx

A
  • Respiratory function
  • C1 vertebral level
  • Continuous with the nasal cavity anteriorly through the choanae
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11
Q

Nasopharynx boundaries

A
  • Soft palate inferiorly and sphenoid bone and occipital bone (roof and posterior wall)
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12
Q

Nasopharynx content

A
  • Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
  • Torus tubarius
  • Opening of pharyngotympanic tube
  • Tubal tonsils
  • Salpingopharyngeal fold
  • Pharyngeal recess
  • Pharyngeal isthmus
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13
Q

Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

A
  • Lymphatic tissue

- Part of the immune system

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14
Q

Torus tubarius (torus of the pharyngotympanic tube)

A
  • Mucosal elevation

- Formed by the pharyngeal end of the pharyngotympanic tube

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15
Q

Opening of pharyngotympanic tube communicates with

A
  • Communicates with middle ear
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16
Q

Salpingopharyngeal fold

A
  • Lies over the salpingopharyngeus muscle
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17
Q

Pharyngeal recess is located

A
  • Located posterior to pharyngotympanic tube
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18
Q

Pharyngeal isthmus provides communication between

A
  • Naso and oropharynx
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19
Q

Oropharynx

A
  • Digestive function
  • Shared pathway with respiratory system
  • C2,3 vertebral levels
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20
Q

Oropharynx boundaries

A
  • Soft palate superiorly
  • Epiglottis inferiorly
  • Oropharyngeal isthmus (anteriorly)
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21
Q

Oropharyngeal isthmus (anterior boundary of oropharynx) contains

A
  • Palatoglossal/palatopharyngeal arches

- Pharyngeal tongue (tongue base)

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22
Q

Oropharynx content

A
  • Tonsillar fossa

- Palatine tonsils

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23
Q

Tonsillar fossa is located

A
  • Between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds (arches)
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24
Q

Palatine tonsils are located

A
  • In tonsillar bed between arches
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25
Q

Laryngopharynx

A
  • Posterior to the larynx
  • Continuous with the esophagus
  • C4-6 vertebral levels
26
Q

Laryngopharynx boundaries

A
  • From level of epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
27
Q

Laryngopharynx content

A
  • Piriform recess (fossa)
28
Q

Piriform recess (fossa)

A
  • On the sides of laryngeal inlet
  • Objects/food can become lodged here
  • Internal laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal nerves deep to the mucosa
29
Q

External layer of pharyngeal muscles

A
  • Superior pharyngeal constrictor
  • Middle pharyngeal constrictor
  • Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
30
Q

Superior pharyngeal constrictor anterior attachment

A
  • Pterygoid Hamulus

- Pterygomandibular raphe

31
Q

Superior pharyngeal constrictor posterior attachment

A
  • Pharyngeal tubercle

- Pharyngeal raphe

32
Q

Middle pharyngeal constrictor anterior attachment

A
  • Stylohyoid ligament

- Greater and lesser horns of hyoid

33
Q

Middle pharyngeal constrictor posterior attachment

A
  • Pharyngeal raphe
34
Q

Two parts of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor

A
  • Thyropharyngeal part

- Cricopharyngeal part

35
Q

Inferior pharyngeal constrictor anterior attachments

A
  • Thyroid cartilage (thyropharyngeal part)
  • Cricoid cartilage (cricopharyngeal part; cricopharyngeus)
  • Pharyngo-esophageal jxn (upper esophageal sphincter
36
Q

Inferior pharyngeal constrictor posterior attachments

A
  • Pharyngeal raphe
  • Except for the cricopharyngeal part (forms a complete loop)
  • Muscles blend with opposite side
37
Q

Constrictor muscles (superior, middle, inferior) function

A
  • All constrict the pharynx during swallowing
38
Q

Internal layer of pharyngeal muscles include

A
  • Palatopharyngeus
  • Salpingopharyngeus
  • Stylopharyngeus
39
Q

Palatopharyngeus attachments

A
  • Hard palate and palatine aponeurosis

- Pharynx

40
Q

Salpingopharyngeus attachments

A
  • Cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube

- Blends with palatopharyngeus into the pharyngeal muscles

41
Q

Stylopharyngeus attachments

A
  • Styloid process of temporal bone
  • Passes between superior and middle constrictors
  • Blends with other pharyngeal muscles
42
Q

Internal layer of pharyngeal muscles function

A
  • Elevate pharynx and larynx during swallowing
43
Q

Salpingopharyngeus (internal layer) function

A
  • Salpingopharyngeus helps open cartilage of the pharyngotympanic tube during swallowing
44
Q

Pharyngeal muscles innervation (all)

A

Pharyngeal plexus

45
Q

Pharyngeal muscles motor innervation

A
  • Vagus (CN X), except for stylopharyngeus (CN IX)
46
Q

Pharyngeal muscles sensory innervation

A
  • Glossopharyngeal, except for nasopharynx (CN V2)

- Branches from superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

47
Q

Blood supply of pharynx (branches of external carotid)

A
  • Ascending pharyngeal artery
  • Tonsillar and ascending palatine arteries (branches of facial artery)
  • Thyroid arteries
  • Descending palatine arteries
48
Q

Pharyngeal lymphatics (tonsillar ring) pathway

A
  • Tubal tonsils
  • Pharyngeal tonsil
  • Palatine tonsils
  • Lingual tonsils
49
Q

Pharyngeal lymphatics (tonsillar ring) all end up in

A
  • Jugulodigastric node

- Other deep cervical nodes

50
Q

Two responses of gag reflex

A
  • Pharyngeal response (pharyngeal reflex)

- Palatal response (palatal reflex)

51
Q

Gag reflex involves sensory stimulation of

A
  • Pharyngeal wall
  • Posterior tongue
  • Tonsils
  • Arches
  • Soft palate
52
Q

Gag reflex is examined by

A
  • Touching posterior pharynx

- Watching for pharyngeal contraction and soft palate elevation

53
Q

Gag reflex nerve stimulation order

A
  • Glossopharyngeal or trigeminal nerves (afferent)
  • Medulla
  • Vagus nerve (efferent)
  • Palate and pharyngeal muscles
54
Q

Loss of gag reflex may result from lesion of

A
  • CN IX

- CN X

55
Q

CN IX lesion (regarding gag reflex)

A
  • Gag reflex not elicited when bad side is stimulated
56
Q

CN X lesion (regarding gag reflex)

A
  • Uvula deviates away from bad side (towards intact side)
57
Q

Deglutition (swallowing)

A
  • Part voluntary, part involuntary
  • Programmed motor behavior
  • Swallowing disorders can drastically impact quality of life
58
Q

Oral phase of deglutition (swallowing)

A
  • Chewing

- Formation of food bolus

59
Q

Oral transit phase of deglutition (swallowing)

A
  • Food bolus is compressed against palate and transferred to oropharynx
60
Q

Pharyngeal phase (involuntary) of deglutition (swallowing)

A
  • Soft palate seals off nasopharynx
  • Pharynx shortens and widens
  • Larynx and hyoid are pulled ant & sup by suprahyoid muscles
  • Glottis closes and epiglottis retroflexes over laryngeal inlet
  • Laryngeal inlet muscles contract
  • Pharyngeal contraction moves food toward esophagus
61
Q

Esophageal phase of deglutition (swallowing)

A
  • Relaxation of upper esophageal sphincter (cricopharyngeus)

- Sequential waves of esophageal muscle contraction

Gross Anatomy (50 decks)

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