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Gross Anatomy > Bones and Joints of the Upper Extremity: Elbow to Hand > Flashcards

Bones and Joints of the Upper Extremity: Elbow to Hand Flashcards

1
Q

Bones of the Forearm

A
  • Radius (extends further distally than ulna)

- Ulna (longer than radius)

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2
Q

Interosseous Membrane

A
  • Syndesmosis: fibrous joint
  • Collagenous sheet slanted distomedially
  • Connects interosseous borders of radius and ulna
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3
Q

Elbow Joint

A
  • Involves humerus, radius, ulna
  • 3 separate articulations, share a synovial cavity
  • Humeroradial
  • Humero-ulnar
  • Proximal radioulnar
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4
Q

Humeroradial Joint of Elbow

A
  • Radial head

- Capitulum

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5
Q

Humero-Ulnar Joint of Elbow

A
  • Trochlear notch

- Trochlea

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6
Q

Proximal Radioulnar Joint of Elbow

A
  • Radial head

- Radial notch of the ulna

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7
Q

Ligaments of Elbow Joint

A
  • Radial collateral

- Ulnar collateral

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8
Q

Radial Collateral Ligament

A
  • Lateral epicondyle to annular ligament
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9
Q

Ulnar Collateral Ligament

A
  • Medial epicondyle to coronoid process/olecranon
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10
Q

Movements of Elbow

A
  • Flexion

- Extension

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11
Q

Proximal Radio-Ulnar Joint

A
  • Pivot, synovial joint
  • Between head of radius and radial notch of ulna
  • Shares joint capsule with the elbow joint
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12
Q

Ligaments of Radio-Ulnar Joint

A
  • Annular ligament of the radius

- Encircles head of radius

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13
Q

Movements of Proximal Radio-Ulnar Joint

A
  • Head of radius rotates, distal radius moves around ulna
  • Supination: palm turned anteriorly (superiorly)
  • Pronation: palm turned posteriorly (inferiorly)
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14
Q

Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint

A
  • Pivot, synovial joint
  • Between head of ulna and ulnar notch of radius
  • Supported by triangular fibrocartilage
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15
Q

Pulled Elbow (Nursemaid’s Elbow)

A
  • Subluxation of radial head
  • Caused by sudden longitudinal traction to extended elbow
  • Most common in ages 1-4
  • Dislocation more commonly seen with ulnar fracture
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16
Q

Medial Epicondyle Fracture Symptoms

A
  • Paresthesia ulnar nerve distribution
  • Weakness and atrophy of ulnar innervated muscles
  • “Ulnar claw” deformity
  • Wartenberg sign (inability to adduct 5th digit)
  • Arm function is not altered
17
Q

Colles Fracture

A
  • Transverse fracture of distal radius with dorsal angulation, “dinner fork deformity”
  • Impaction is common (causes shortening of the radius)
  • Caused by a fall on an out stretched hand (FOOSH injury)
  • Osteoporosis is a risk factor
18
Q

Wrist Joint (Radiocarpal Joint)

A
  • Synovial, condyloid (ellipsoid)
  • Between the radius/triangular fibrocartilage and the proximal row of carpals (except for pisiform)
  • Ulna does not participate
19
Q

Ligaments of Wrist (Radiocarpal) Joint

A
  • Radiocarpal and collateral ligaments
20
Q

Wrist Joint (Radiocarpal) Movements

A
  • Flexion/extension
  • Abduction/adduction
  • Circumduction
21
Q

Intercarpal Joints

A
  • Synovial plane joints
  • Between carpal bones
  • Midcarpal joint: between proximal and distal rows
22
Q

Carpometacarpal Joint (CMC)

A
  • Synovial plane, except for thumb and trapezium (saddle joint)
  • Little motion, 4th and 5th have more, 1st allows flex/ext, abd/add, circumduction
23
Q

Metacarpophalangeal (Knuckles)

A
  • Synovial, condyloid
  • Flexion/extension
  • Abduction/adduction
24
Q

Interphalangeal (IP) Joint

A
  • Synovial, hinge joint
25
Q

Scaphoid Fracture

A
  • Most common carpal fracture (70-80%)
  • Any age, more common in young adults/adolescents (elderly usually sustain a Colles fracture)
  • Falling on an outstretched hand (FOOSH)/wrist extended
  • High incidence of avascular necrosis
26
Q

Avascular Necrosis (Osteonecrosis)

A
  • Ischaemic death of bone
  • Leads to early development of degenerative arthritis and instability
  • Common in scaphoid fracture
27
Q

Signs/Symptoms of Scaphoid Fracture

A
  • Pain/swelling
  • Pain with gripping and thumb movement
  • Tenderness in anatomical snuff box
28
Q

Carpal Dislocation

A
  • Not common
  • Perilunate most common
  • Lunate most common single carpal dislocation
  • FOOSH injuries
29
Q

Lunate Single Carpal Dislocation

A
  • Lunate dislocated volarly
30
Q

Perilunate Dislocation

A
  • Dislocation of the carpal bones relative to the lunate

- 60% are associated with scaphoid fracture

Gross Anatomy (50 decks)

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