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Gross Anatomy > Pelvis: Bladder, Rectum, and Anal Canal > Flashcards

Pelvis: Bladder, Rectum, and Anal Canal Flashcards

1
Q

Ureters in the male pelvis

A
  • Descends on lateral wall of pelvis

- Passes inferior to ductus deferens posterior to bladder in males

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2
Q

Ureters in the female pelvis

A
  • Descends on lateral wall of pelvis

- Passes inferior to uterine vessels in females

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3
Q

Ureters in the female pelvis can be damaged

A
  • During hysterectomy

- Passes inferior to uterine vessels in females

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4
Q

Bladder

A
  • Only superior surface is covered in peritoneum
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5
Q

Bladder location

A
  • Lesser (True) pelvis
  • Greater pelvis when distended
  • Greater pelvis/abdomen in infants and children
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6
Q

Anatomical relationships of pevlis

A
  • Posterior to pubic bone (males and females)

- Retropubic space (space of Retzius)

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7
Q

Bladder relationships in males

A
  • Prostate is inferior

- Seminal vesicle, ductus deferens, and rectum are posterior

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8
Q

Bladder relationships in females

A
  • Uterus and anterior vaginal wall are posterior
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9
Q

Bladder wall

A
  • Mostly detrusor muscle (autonomic innervation)

- Parasympathetics: contraction

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10
Q

Bladder orifices

A
  • 2 Ureteric

- Internal urethral

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11
Q

Bladder contains

A
  • Bladder wall
  • Orifices
  • Trigone
  • Uvula of the bladder (males)
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12
Q

Parts of the bladder

A
  • Apex
  • Fundus
  • Body
  • Neck
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13
Q

Male urethra

A
  • Conveys urine and semen
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14
Q

Parts of the male urethra

A
  • Intramural
  • Prostatic
  • Membranous
  • Spongy
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15
Q

Neck of the male bladder contains

A
  • Internal urethral sphincter
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16
Q

Internal urethral sphincter (IUS) is innervated by

A
  • Autonomics (Parasympathetics cause relaxation)
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17
Q

IUS (neck of male bladder) prevents

A
  • Retrograde flow of semen
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18
Q

Prostatic part of male bladder

A
  • Passes through prostate
  • Seminal colliculus
  • Prostatic sinuses
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19
Q

Seminal colliculus (prostatic part of male bladder)

A
  • Openings for ejaculatory ducts - Prostatic utricle
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20
Q

Prostatic sinuses (prostatic part of male bladder)

A
  • Openings for prostatic ducts
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21
Q

Membranous part of male urethra

A
  • External urethral sphincter surround it

- Voluntarily controlled (pudendal nerve)

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22
Q

Spongy part of male urethra

A
  • Travels through corpus spongiosum

- Openings for bulbourethral ducts and urethral glands

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23
Q

Femle urethra

A
  • Short, anterior to vagina
  • External orifice opens in vestibule of vagina
  • External urethral sphincter more elaborate
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24
Q

Rectum location

A
  • Begins at S3

- Follows sacral curve

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25
Q

Rectum does not contain

A
  • Omental appendices

- Teniae coli

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26
Q

3 lateral flexures of rectum

A
  • Correspond with internal transverse rectal folds
27
Q

Upper 1/3 of rectum

A
  • Covered with peritoneum anterior and lateral surfaces
28
Q

Middle 1/3 of rectum

A
  • Covered with peritoneum on anterior surface only
29
Q

Ampulla of the rectum

A
  • Dilated end of rectum

- Accumulates fecal mass prior to defecation

30
Q

Anorectal flexure

A
  • Important for fecal continence

- Puborectalis

31
Q

Parts of the rectum

A
  • Ampulla

- Anorectal junction

32
Q

Anal junction

A
  • Contains anorectal flexure
33
Q

Anal canal spans from

A
  • Puborectalis sling to anus
34
Q

Anal columns

A
  • Longitudinal ridges mucosal folds

- Contain branches of superior rectal artery and tributaries of superior rectal vein

35
Q

Anal valves

A
  • Junction of columns at inferior end
36
Q

Anal sinuses

A
  • Pouches above valves

- Contain openings for mucous glands

37
Q

Pectinate line (Dentate line)

A
  • Junction between embryonic hindgut and skin

- Visceral vs. Somatic: histology, innervation, lymph, blood supply

38
Q

Anal canal contains

A
  • Anal columns
  • Anal valves
  • Anal sinuses
39
Q

Internal anal sphincter located

A
  • Between external anal sphincter and anal canal

- Extends further superiorly

40
Q

Internal anal sphincter muscle

A
  • Involuntary
  • Smooth muscle
  • Continuous with muscle of rectum
41
Q

Internal anal sphincter innervation

A
  • Autonomic nervous system
  • Parasympathetic (relax)
  • Sympathetic (contract)
42
Q

Internal anal sphincter has constant tone, but relaxes with

A
  • Distension of rectal ampulla
43
Q

External anal sphincter

A
  • Extends further inferiorly than the internal
44
Q

External anal sphincter muscle

A
  • Voluntary

- Skeletal muscle

45
Q

External anal sphincter innervation

A
  • S4 via inferior rectal nerve

- Also nerve to levator ani

46
Q

Rectum/anal canal arterial supply

A
  • Superior rectal (inferior mesenteric)
  • Middle rectal (internal iliac)
  • Inferior rectal (internal pudendal)
47
Q

Rectum/anal canal venous drainage

A
  • Superior rectal vein (IMV, portal system)
  • Middle rectal vein (internal iliac v, caval system)
  • Inferior rectal vein (internal pudendal v, caval system
48
Q

Internal venous plexus and External venous plexus

A
  • Sacculated veins form anal cushions

- Helps with closure of anal canal

49
Q

Hemorrhoids

A
  • Dilation of internal/external venous plexus
50
Q

Internal hemorrhoids

A
  • Dilation and prolapse of internal rectal venous plexus
  • Painless bleeding
  • Internal venous plexus can drain superiorly or inferiorly
51
Q

Internal hemorrhoids are painless bleeding because of

A
  • Autonomic innervation
52
Q

Internal venous plexus can drain superiorly or inferiorly due to

A
  • Portal-systemic anastomoses
53
Q

External hemorrhoids

A
  • External rectal plexus, subcutaneous around the anus

- Can be painful, especially if thrombosed

54
Q

External hemorrhoids are painful because of

A
  • Somatic sensory innervation
55
Q

Hemorrhoid cause

A
  • Increased intra-abdominal pressure,

- Impaired venous return

56
Q

Blood flow above pectinate line

A
  • Columnar epithelium
  • Superior rectal artery
  • Superior rectal vein (IMV > portal system)
57
Q

Lymph drainage above pectinate line

A
  • Lymph drainage to internal iliac nodes
58
Q

Innervation above pectinate line

A
  • Visceral innervation from the inferior hypogastric plexus (autonomics)
59
Q

Skin above pectinate line

A
  • Columnar epithelium
60
Q

Skin below pectinate line

A
  • Stratified squamous
61
Q

Bloow flow below pectinate line

A
  • Inferior rectal artery

- Inferior rectal vein (caval system)

62
Q

Lymph drainage below pectinate line

A
  • Lymph drainage to superficial inguinal nodes
63
Q

Innervation below pectinate line

A
  • Somatic innervation from inferior rectal nerves

- Sensitive to touch, temperature

Gross Anatomy (50 decks)

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