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Neuro > Unit 3: Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Unit 3: Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

L1: Which pathologic process? Conjunctivitis with thick purulent yellow/white-yellow exudate, eyelids almost swollen shut

A

Bacterial conjunctivitis

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2
Q

L1: Which pathologic process? More common type of conjunctivitis, watery discharge

A

Viral conjunctivitis

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3
Q

L1: Which structure separates the eyelid from the orbit

A

Septum

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4
Q

L1: Which wall of the orbit is most susceptible to fracture?

A

Inferior

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5
Q

L1: Which wall of the orbit is thickest?

A

Lateral

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6
Q

L1: Which wall of the orbit is thinnest?

A

Medial

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7
Q

L2: Most common pathogens in bacterial conjunctivitis

A

Staph aureus, strep pneumoniae

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8
Q

L2: Name the physical examination finding: fluffy white areas that represent capillary ischemia and small superficial infarcts

A

Cotton wool spot

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9
Q

L2: Name the physical examination finding: lipid leaks from retinal vessels

A

hard exudate

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10
Q

L2: Name the physical examination finding: yellow subretinal deposits in the macula consisting of lipofuscin and cell waste

A

Drusen

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11
Q

L2: Which bones make up the orbital floor?

A

Zygomatic, maxillary, palatine

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12
Q

L2: Which bones make up the orbital lateral wall?

A

Zygomatic, sphenoid (greater wing)

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13
Q

L2: Which bones make up the orbital medial wall?

A

ethmoid, maxillary, lacrimal, sphenoid (lesser wing)

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14
Q

L2: Which bones make up the orbital roof?

A

Frontal, sphenoid (lesser wing)

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15
Q

L2: Which cranial nerves are the afferent input and efferent output in the oculocardiac reflex?

A

V1; X

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16
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Abnormal shape of the cornea causing light to focus in front of or behind the retina

A

Astigmatism

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17
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Acute onset pain, redness, swelling, decrease in vision, white infiltrate in cornea

A

Corneal ulcer

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18
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Associated with extended wearing of contact lenses, risk increased by dry eye or facial nerve palsy

A

Corneal ulcer

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19
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Bilateral optic disc swelling due to increased intracranial pressure, blurring of disc margin

A

Papilledema

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20
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Caused by adenovirus, following URI

A

Viral conjunctivitis

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21
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Cherry red spot

A

Central artery occlusion

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22
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Dilated veins, extensive hemorrhage, often related to hypertension

A

Central Vein Occlusion

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23
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Drusen, hyperpigmentation and atrophy of retinal pigment epithelium, geographic atrophy with large amounts of cell loss

A

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) - Non-exudative/Dry

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24
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Fatigue, low-grade fever, forehead and upper eyelid rash, unilateral eye symptoms

A

Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus

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25
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Hypesthesia in cheek and upper lip following trauma

A

Inferior orbital fracture

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26
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Increased cup/disc ratio

A

Glaucoma

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27
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Infection of lacrimal sac due to nasolacrimal duct obstruction

A

Dacryocystitis

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28
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Itching, eyelid swelling, redness, watery discharge

A

Allergic conjunctivitis

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29
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Microaneurysms, flame hemorrhages, dot-blot hemorrhages, macular edema, hard exudates

A

Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy

30
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Neovascularization in the optic disc and retina, complications: vitreous hemorrhage, tractional retinal detachment, neovascular glaucoma

A

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy

31
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Nerve fiber layer and optic disc injury resulting in visual field loss, elevated IOP

32
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Occurs following uncontrolled orbital cellulitis, causing cranial nerve palsies and altered mental status

A

Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis

33
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Ocular/periorbital eye pain, photophobia, blurry/cloudy vision, irregularly shaped pupil

34
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? One of the most frequent causes of vision loss, unilateral eye redness, photophobia, epithelial branching on fluoroscein stain

A

Herpes keratitis

35
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Optical power of the eye is too large, causing light to focus in front of the retina

A

Near-sightedness

36
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Optical power of the eye is too low, causing light to focus behind the retina

A

Far-sightedness

37
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Pain, erythematous lid swelling, tenderness to palpation, extraocular muscle restriction, late vision loss and increased IOP

A

Orbital Cellulitis

38
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Pain, redness, foreign body sensation, tearing

A

Corneal foreign body

39
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Pink eye of a few day’s duration, eye pain, discharge, blurred vision, mattering of the eylids in the morning

A

Conjunctivitis

40
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Plugged Meibomian gland causing accumulation of oil within tarsus

41
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Progressive disease of the optic nerve associated with increased intraocular pressure

A

Open Angle Glaucoma

42
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Reactivation of VZV

A

Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus

43
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Retinal hemorrhage, macular edema and exudate, papilledema

A

Acute Hypertensive retinopathy

44
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Risk factors: Caucasian, female, tobacco smoking

A

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

45
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Severe eye pain or foreign body sensation with acute onset, tearing, redness blurred vision, irregularly-shaped corneal epithelium

A

Corneal abrasion

46
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Sluggish mid-dialated pupil, hazy cornea, shallow anterior chamber, hardness upon palpation

A

Angle Closure Glaucoma

47
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Top cause of blindness in older individuals

A

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

48
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Top cause of blindness in working age adults

A

Diabetic Retinopathy

49
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Unilateral severe eye pain, nausea, redness, blurred vision, halos around lights

A

Angle Closure Glaucoma

50
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Vasoconstriction, arterioslcerosis, arteriovenous nicking,

A

Hypertensive retinopathy

51
Q

L2: Which pathologic process? Vision loss, choroidal neovascularization into the retinal pigment epithelium, subretinal hemorrhage

A

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) - Exudative/Wet

52
Q

L3: Indications for repair of inferior orbital fracture within 2-4 weeks (3)

A

Exophthalmos, incarcerated muscle or orbital tissues, >50% fractured

53
Q

L3: What treatment/management? Allergic conjunctivitis

A

Avoid triggers, mast cell stabilizer, antihistamine

54
Q

L3: What treatment/management? Angle Closure Glaucoma

A

Laser peripheral iridotomy, lower IOP

55
Q

L3: What treatment/management? Bacterial Conjunctivitis

A

3rd/4th fluoroquinolones, tobramycin, sulfacetamide

56
Q

L3: What treatment/management? Dacryocystitis

A

antibiotics, surgical bypass surgery

57
Q

L3: What treatment/management? Diabetic retinopathy

A

Glycemic/BP control, Anti-VEGF injections

58
Q

L3: What treatment/management? Dry eye

A

Antihistamines (systemic causes), artificial tears/eye drops, punctal plugs

59
Q

L3: What treatment/management? Exudative AMD

A

Anti-VEGF injections

60
Q

L3: What treatment/management? Herpes Keratitis

A

Topical trifluridine, Oral acyclovir/valacyclovir

61
Q

L3: What treatment/management? Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus

A

Acyclovir/Valacyclovir

62
Q

L3: What treatment/management? Iritis

A

Steroid drops, systemic workup for recurrent infections

63
Q

L3: What treatment/management? Mild corneal abrasion

A

Artificial tears, topical antibiotic ointment

64
Q

L3: What treatment/management? Non-exudative AMD

A

Antioxidant vitamins

65
Q

L3: What treatment/management? Orbital cellulitis

A

Broad-spectrum antibiotics

66
Q

L3: What treatment/management? Small corneal ulcer

A

Fluoroquinolone

67
Q

L3: What treatment/management? Viral Conjunctivitis

A

Usually self-limiting, steroid drops in severe cases

68
Q

L3: Which pathologic process? Large corneal ulcer

A

Cultures, vancomycin or tobramycin, corneal implant

69
Q

L3: Which pathologic process? Moderate-Severe corneal abrasion

A

antibiotic ointment, patch/contact lens, oral pain management

70
Q

L4: Layers above the skin crease (7)

A

skin > orbicularis muscle > septum > fat > Levator aponeurosis > Muller’s muscle > conjunctiva

71
Q

L4: Layers below the skin crease (4)

A

skin > orbicularis muscle > tarsus > conjunctiva

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