Unit 2: Inflammatory, Metabolic, Nutritional, and Toxic Diseases Flashcards
L1: What is the most common CNS inflammatory disease?
Multiple Sclerosis
L1: What pathologic process? Rapid correction or overcorrection of hyponatremia
Central Pontine Myelinolysis
L2: What are the effects of methanol intoxication?
Putamen hemorrhagic necrosis
L2: What is the affect of acute alcohol intoxication on the CNS?
Severe cerebral edema
L2: What is the nutritional deficiency in Wernicke’s encephalopathy?
thiamine (Vitamine B1)
L2: What is the pathogenesis of Wilson’s disease?
Defect in copper metabolism
L2: What is the treatment for acute attacks in MS?
high dose corticosteroids, plasmapheresis (severe)
L2: What is the treatment for Wilson’s Disease?
Copper-chelating agents
L2: What is the typical age of presentation for MS?
15-45 years
L2: What part of the brain is affected by thiamine deficiency in Korsakoff Syndrome?
Dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus
L2: What part of the brain is most commonly affected in Wernicke’s encephalopathy?
Mamillary bodies
L2: What pathologic process? Abnormalities in Myelin Basic Protein, leading to demyelination of the CNS
Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) Deficiency
L2: What pathologic process? Astrocytes with swollen, vesicular nuclei and minimal visible cytoplasm
Hepatic encephalopathy
L2: What pathologic process? Autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism
Wilson’s Disease
L2: What pathologic process? Caused by strict vegtarian diet, pernicious anemia, or gastric neoplasms
Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) Deficiency
L2: What pathologic process? CNS disturbances in electrolytes, pH, water, and neurotransmitter regulation
Hepatic encephalopathy
L2: What pathologic process? Confusion, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia
Wernicke’s encephalopathy
L2: What pathologic process? Degeneration of superior cerebellar vermis, cerebral cortex white matter loss and dendritic reduction, meningeal fibrosis
Chronic alcoholism
L2: What pathologic process? dysarthria, gait disturbances, limb incoordination, involuntary movements, dystonias, intelligence deterioration, flapping tremor, spasticity
Wilson’s Disease
L2: What pathologic process? Early paresthesias, monocular loss of vision, gait problems, weakness, diplopia, Lhermitte’s paresthesias down the spine with neck flexion, urinary urgency/frequency, constipation
MS
L2: What pathologic process? Edema, demyelination, necrosis, neuron loss, gliosis
Wernicke’s encephalopathy
L2: What pathologic process? Flapping tremor, confusion, forgetfulness, drowsiness, and eventually stupor or coma
Hepatic encephalopathy
L2: What pathologic process? Involvement of mammillary bodies almost always, walls of third ventricle, periaqueductal tissue, inferior colliculi, floor of fourth ventricle, thalamus
Wernicke’s encephalopathy
L2: What pathologic process? Late fatigue, sexual dysfunction, depression, pain, dysphagia, seizures and hearing loss in rare cases
MS
L2: What pathologic process? memory loss due to thiamine deficiency in the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus
Korsakoff Syndrome
L2: What pathologic process? Paresthesias, ataxia, abnormal reflexes, diminished vibration sensation and proprioception in lower extremities
Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) Deficiency
L2: What pathologic process? Putamen hemorrhagic necrosis
Methanol intoxication
L2: What pathologic process? Severe cerebral edema
Acute acohol intoxication
L2: What pathologic process? Thiamine deficiency
Wernicke’s encephalopathy
L2: Which subtype of MS is more commonly diagnosed?
Relapse-Remitting (RRMS)
L3: What genetic mutations/markers are associated with MS? (3)
HLA-DR2, IL-2, IL-17
L4: Name the four first-line immunotherapies for MS?
Avonex, Betaseron, Copaxone, Repif
L4: What are the three effects of chronic alcoholism on the CNS?
Degeneration of superior cerebellar vermis, cerebral cortex white matter loss and dendritic reduction, meningeal fibrosis
