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Unit 1: Nervous System Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

L1: _____ migration: use of glial cells to climb the ladder and form the characteristic inside-out pattern of the cerebral cortex

A

Radial

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2
Q

L1: A crease forms in the neural plate, resulting in the neural _____.

A

Groove

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3
Q

L1: A neuron leaves the cell cycle and differentiates following a/an _______ division.

A

asymmetric

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4
Q

L1: An asymmetric division in the ventricular zone occurs in a ______ orientation with respect to the ventricular surface.

A

parallel

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5
Q

L1: During the M phase, primitive neurons are located _______.

A

Medially/deep

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6
Q

L1: NT-3, BDNF, and NGF are examples of ______.

A

Neurotrophins

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7
Q

L1: The rhomboencephalon can be divided into 8 _______, which differ in expression of Hox genes.

A

rhombomeres

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8
Q

L1: The third and fourth ventricle communicate via the ______.

A

Cerebral Aqueduct

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9
Q

L1: What pathologic process? Results from a mutation in DCX, a gene involved in microtubule polymerization, which leads to impaired neuronal migration

A

Double Cortex Syndrome

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10
Q

L1: What pathologic process? Results from a mutation in LIS1, a gene involved in regulation of microtubule cytoskeletal function, which leads to impaired neuronal migration

A

Lissencephaly Type 1

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11
Q

L2: _____ are ____-range axon guidance molecules that can facilitate attraction and repulsion.

A

Netrins; long

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12
Q

L2: _____ migration: seen in neurons migrating from the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb

A

Chain

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13
Q

L2: _____ migration: seen in neurons moving from the lateral ganglionic eminence to the cortex

A

Tangential

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14
Q

L2: _______ interact with receptors of the ____ family and are important in facilitating neuronal survival.

A

Neurotrophins; Trk

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15
Q

L2: ________ are short and long-range axon guidance molecules that can facilitate ______.

A

Semaphorins; repulsion

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16
Q

L2: ________ on the presynpatic membrane interact with ______ on the postsynaptic membrane to facilitate alignment of a synapse.

A

Neuroexins; neuroligins

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17
Q

L2: BMPs are secreted by the _______, resulting in a high concentration in the _____ portion of the neural tube.

A

Lateral ectoderm; dorsal

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18
Q

L2: Cadherins, CAMs, and many ECF components are classified as _____-range axon guidance molecules that can facilitate _______.

A

Short; attraction

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19
Q

L2: Dorsal cells that develop into sensory neurons comprise the _____ plate.

A

alar

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20
Q

L2: During ______ neurulation, cells at the caudal end develop vacuoles and make contact with the central canal of the neural tube, creating the ________.

A

Conus medullaris/filum terminale

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21
Q

L2: During ______ neurulation, the notochord releases ___ to induce development of the ________.

A

Primary; Shh; neural plate

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22
Q

L2: During the S phase, primitive neurons are located _______.

A

Laterally/superficially

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23
Q

L2: Ephrins and tenascin are classified as ______-range axon guidance molecules that can facilitate ______.

A

Short; repulsion

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24
Q

L2: In embryonic stages, intracellular chloride levels are _______, causing GABA stimulation to be _______.

A

increased; excitatory

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25
Q

L2: In the ______, neuronal migration occurs opposite of the cerebral cortex, resulting in an outside-in pattern.

A

Retina

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26
Q

L2: MeCP2 mutations on the ____ chromosome affect the process of _______ and give rise to ______.

A

X; transcription; Rett Syndrome

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27
Q

L2: Myelination occurs first in the ______.

A

periphery

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28
Q

L2: Neural crest cells arise between the _____ and the ______.

A

Neurectoderm, Epidermis

29
Q

L2: Neurogenesis occurs in an adult brain in the __________.

A

dentate gyrus; subventricular zone

30
Q

L2: Reelin is normally secreted by _______ cells and facilitates the ______ stage of migration

A

Cajal-Retzius cells; termination

31
Q

L2: Shh is secreted by the ______, resulting in a high concentration in the ______ portion of the neural tube

A

Notochord; ventral

32
Q

L2: The ____ stream of neural crest cells gives rise to pigment cells.

33
Q

L2: The ____ stream of neural crest cells gives rise to sensory, autonomic, and enteric ganglia

34
Q

L2: The ________ separates the ventral and alar plates of the spinal cord

A

sulcus limitans

35
Q

L2: The birthdate of a neuron is defined as when ____________.

A

it undergoes a final round of replication

36
Q

L2: The dentate gyrus gives rise to ________.

A

Hippocampal neurons

37
Q

L2: The fourth ventricule communicates with the subarachnoid space via the _____.

A

Foramina of Luschka (2), Foramen of Magendie

38
Q

L2: The metencephalon is located ______ to the myelencephalon

39
Q

L2: The myelencephalon is located ______ to the metencephalon

40
Q

L2: The prosencephalon divides into __ vesicles: ________.

A

3; Telencephalon (2), Diencephalon

41
Q

L2: The rhombencephalon divides into __ vesicles: ________.

A

2; Myelencephalon, Metencephalon

42
Q

L2: The subventricular zone gives rise to _______.

A

Olfactory neurons

43
Q

L2: The telencephalic vesicles are located ______ to the diencephalon.

44
Q

L2: The third ventricle communicates with the lateral ventricles via the _______.

A

Foramina of Munro

45
Q

L2: Until age two, the cerebellum may receive new cells via secondary neurogenesis occuring in the _______.

A

External granule layer

46
Q

L2: Ventral cells that develop into motor neurons comprise the _____ plate.

47
Q

L2: What pathologic process? Neurons pile up in an outside-in orientation in the cortex, leading to a reeling gait

A

Lissencephaly with Cerebellar Hypoplasia (LCH)

48
Q

L2: What pathologic process? Results from mutated Filamin A (FLNA), an actin-crosslinking protein, which leads to impaired initiation of neuronal migration

A

Periventricular Heteroptopia

49
Q

L2: What pathologic process? Results from mutations in reelin (reeler gene), which is involved in termination of migration

A

Lissencephaly with Cerebellar Hypoplasia (LCH)

50
Q

L2: What pathologic process? Severe mental retardation and epilepsy

A

Lissencephaly Type 1

51
Q

L2: What pathologic process? Severe mental retardation and epilepsy in males

A

Double Cortex Syndrome

52
Q

L2: What pathologic process? Smoothened surface of the cerebral cortex with epilepsy, mild intellectual deficitis, and subcortical band heterotopia in females

A

Double Cortex Syndrome

53
Q

L2: What pathologic process? X-linked dominant disorder that is fatal in males and results in epilepsy in females.

A

Periventricular Heteroptopia

54
Q

L2: When neural crest cells reach their end destination, ______ are expressed.

55
Q

L2: Which primitive vesicle? Cerebellum

A

Metencephalic

56
Q

L2: Which primitive vesicle? Cerebral Aqueduct

A

Mesencephalic

57
Q

L2: Which primitive vesicle? Cerebral hemisphere

A

Telencephalic

58
Q

L2: Which primitive vesicle? Fourth ventricle

A

rhombencephaloc

59
Q

L2: Which primitive vesicle? Hypothalamus

A

Diencephalic

60
Q

L2: Which primitive vesicle? Lateral ventricle

A

Telencephalic

61
Q

L2: Which primitive vesicle? Medulla

A

Myelencephalic

62
Q

L2: Which primitive vesicle? Pons

A

Metencephalic

63
Q

L2: Which primitive vesicle? Thalamus

A

Diencephalic

64
Q

L2: Which primitive vesicle? Third ventricle

A

Diencephalic

65
Q

L2:At the rostral end of the neural tube, three primary cerebral vesicles form: _______.

A

Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon

66
Q

L3: ______ mutations leads to improved stability of a protein involved in internalization of AMPA receptors; resulting in _______.

A

UBE3a; Angelman Syndrome

67
Q

L3: _______ are cells that are only innervated by a single neuron in a developed nervous system

A

Muscle fibers, Purkinje cells (cerebellum)

68
Q

L3: Name three regions of secondary neurogenesis.

A

External granule layer, subventricular zone, dentate gyrus

69
Q

L4: Name the layers/zones in order starting closest to the ventricular zone.

A

Subplate, intermediate zone, cortical plate, marginal zone

Neuro (40 decks)

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