Unit 1: Congenital/Developmental Disorders Flashcards
L!: What pathologic process? Result from subependymal hemorrhage into the germinal matrix
Perinatal stroke
L1: What pathologic process? Occurs in birth trauma in which the infant’s neck is distorted and carotid arteries are stretched
Perinatal stroke
L1: Which developmental definition/diagnosis? Acquired non-progressive motor disability, with spastic, dyskinetic/athetoid, and ataxic types
Cerebral Palsy
L1: Which developmental definition/diagnosis? Delays or abnormal function in social interaction, language used in social communication, or symbolic/imaginative play
Autism Spectrum Disorder
L1: Which developmental definition/diagnosis? Intellecutal functioning at least two standard deviations below the mean with limitations in at least two adaptive skill areas
Intellectual Disability
L1: Which developmental definition/diagnosis? Restricted repertoire of interests, behaviors, and activities
Autism Spectrum Disorder
L2: ______ fibers: homogenous, eosinophilic, elongated, or globular inclusions with a granular structure containing GFAP
Rosenthal
L2: Antibodies to GFAP are used to visualize _________.
Reactive astrocytes
L2: Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) is an intermediate filament fiber unique to ______ cells.
astrocyte
L2: How does the distribution of red (Type 1) and white (Type 2) muscle fibers change in denervation atrophy?
Regional segregation
L2: Onion bulbs may form in the process of _________.
Segmental Demyelination
L2: Spinal cord dysfunction from tethering commonly affects the control of _________.
Urinary continence
L2: What pathologic process? Abnormal filaments in perikaryon and neurofibrillary tangles
Alzheimer’s Disease
L2: What pathologic process? Accumulation of CSF within the central canal
Mydromelia
L2: What pathologic process? Bilateral symmetric holes in the brain
Schizencephaly
L2: What pathologic process? Complete failure of primary neurulation
Cranioraschisis totalis
L2: What pathologic process? Complete or partial failure of the prosencephalon to cleave
Holoprosencephaly
L2: What pathologic process? Complex disorder associated with thoracolumbar myelomeningocele
Chiari II Malformation
L2: What pathologic process? CSF-filled cyst that breaks out of the central canal and dissects into the substance of the cord
Syringomelia
L2: What pathologic process? Cystic dilatation of the fourth ventricle, upward displacement of the tentorium, and hydrocephalus
Dandy-Walker Malformation
L2: What pathologic process? Defect in the skull with protrusion of the leptomeninges and sometimes brain tissue
Encephalocele
L2: What pathologic process? Destruction of tissue of virtually an entire cerebral hemisphere
Hydranencephaly
L2: What pathologic process? Ectoderm-lined track that can transgress the dura and allow communication between the skin and CSF
Dorsal dermal sinus tract
L2: What pathologic process? Elongation of cerebellar tonsils protruding through the foramen magnum and blocking CSF flow
Chiari I Malformation
L2: What pathologic process? Elongation of cerebellar vermis with protrusion through the foramen magnum and blockage of CSF flow
Chiari II Malformation
L2: What pathologic process? Epidermal layer covers a rostral neural tube defect
Encephalocele
L2: What pathologic process? Extension of a lipoma from the subcutaneous tissues to the dorsal aspect of the spinal cord
Lipomyelomeningocele
L2: What pathologic process? Failure of closure of the posterior neuropore, frequently in the lumbar region
Myelomeningocele
L2: What pathologic process? Failure of formation of the lateral ventricles and third ventricle
Holoprosencephaly
L2: What pathologic process? Failure of the rostral neuropore to close
Anencephaly
L2: What pathologic process? Forebrain fails to separate from cutaneous ectoderm, resulting in a cerebrovasculosa where the calvarium would have normally developed
Anencephaly
L2: What pathologic process? Frequently associated with facial defects, including cebocephaly, cyclopia, ethmocephaly, arhinia, coloboma of iris/retina, microphthalmus, premaxillary agenesis, facial clefts
Holoprosencephaly
L2: What pathologic process? Incomplete development of posterior cranial fossa and leakage of CSF leading to failure of ventricular system to develop and expand
Chiari II Malformation
L2: What pathologic process? Large unilateral hole in the brain
Porencephaly
L2: What pathologic process? Leading cause of cerebral palsy
Larger germinal matrix hemorrhages
L2: What pathologic process? Lewy Bodies
Parkinson’s Disease
L2: What pathologic process? May cause mydromelia, syringomelia, and hydrocephalus
Chiari I Malformation
L2: What pathologic process? Neural placode and CSF leakage with no epidermal covering at the caudal end of the spinal cord
Myelomeningocele
L2: What pathologic process? Partial or complete absence of the cerebellar vermis
Dandy-Walker Malformation
L2: What pathologic process? Produces ulegyria (mushroom-shaped gyri)
Perinatal stroke
L2: What pathologic process? Risk of deformity can be reduced with maternal folate supplementation during pregnancy
Neural Tube Defects
L2: What pathologic process? Skin-covered CSF mass continuous with the CSF in the spinal canal
Meningocele
L2: What type of degeneration occurs following inflammatory demyelinating neuropathies?
Segmental Demyelination
L2: What type of degeneration occurs following trauma, nerve infarction, or neoplastic invasion?
Wallerian Degeneration
L2: Which developmental definition/diagnosis? Development below two standards of deviation below the mean for a child’s age
Developmental Delay
L2: Which developmental definition/diagnosis? Severe chronic disability of an individual 5 years of age or older attributable to mental or physical impairment
Developmental Disability
L3: ______ staining visualizes cytoskeletal elements to study axons and dendritic processes of neurons
Bielschowsky (Silver)
L3: What is the response of astrocytes in forming a scar in the brain?
Hyperplasia and Hypertrophy
L4: Describe the features of chromatolysis. (4)
RER disaggregation, neuronal body balloons, nucleus displaced toward periphery, reversible
L4: Name the criteria for autism spectrum disorder.
Deficits in social communication/interaction, restricted patterns of behaviors/interests/activities, presentation in early childhood, symptoms limit and impair daily functioning
