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Gross > Thorax Cont > Flashcards

Thorax Cont Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary muscles of inspiration?

A
  • Diaphragm

- External intercostals

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2
Q

What are the accessory muscles of inspiration?

A
  • SCM
  • Scalenes
  • Pect major and minor
  • Serratus anterior
  • Serratus posterior superior and inferior
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3
Q

What is the primary expirator of the lungs?

A

Elastic recoil of the lungs

wall has tension and wants to expel the air

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4
Q

What are the accessory expiration muscles?

A
  • Internal intercostals

- Abdominal muscles

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5
Q

What is the blood source of the intercostal muscles?

A

-Thoracic Aorta

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6
Q

This artery serves the body wall

A

-Lumbar artery

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7
Q

This artery branches off of the subclavian and runs along the sternum and supplies blood to the anterior thorax

A

-Internal thoracic artery

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8
Q

These are 2 terminal branches off of the internal thoracic

A
  • Musculophrenic a

- Superior epigastric a

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9
Q

What does the musculophrenic supply?

A
  • Lower intercostal spaces and the diaphragm

- On the deep surface of the costal margin

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10
Q

What does the superior epigastric a supply?

A

Supplies anterior abdominal wall and musculature

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11
Q

Where does all venous blood drain in the thorax?

A

-The azygos vein

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12
Q

Describe the Azygos vein

A
  • lies along the right side of the posterior thoracic wall
  • unpaired
  • crosses around T8
  • Connects and goes into the superior and inferior vena cava
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13
Q

Describe the posterior intercostal veins

A

-Dump into the azygos vein

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14
Q

This vein serves the lower left of the thorax

A

Hemiazygos vein

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15
Q

This vein serves the upper left and collects blood from the upper intercostal spaces

A

Accessory hemiazygos vein

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16
Q

Where does the internal thoracic vein lie?

A

On the left side- opposite of the azygos vein

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17
Q

What dumps into the internal thoracic vein

A

The anterior intercostal vein

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18
Q

Are there any venous valves in the thorax?

A

NOPERS

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19
Q

This is a modified sweat gland and it is more deep and central (of the breast)

A

Glandular tissue

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20
Q

What does the glandular tissue secrete?

A

Colostrum

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21
Q

What is contained in the connective tissue of the breast?

A

Suspensory ligaments

-fibrous supportive structures

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22
Q

What does the breast contain a lot of?

A

Fat

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23
Q

These are dilated openings of the ducts in the nipple

A

Lactiferous sinuses

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24
Q

What are the layers and components of the breast from outside (nipple) to inside?

A
  • Nipple with lactiferous sinuses
  • Lactiferous ducts and fat
  • Pectoral fascia
  • Pectoralis major
  • Superficial abdominal fascia
  • Ribs/intercostals
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25
Q

The breasts typically stretch from ribs ___ to ___

A

ribs 2-6

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26
Q

Describe the axillary tail (of spence)

A
  • Extension of outer upper quadrant

- Area where the majority of breast cancer occurs

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27
Q

There are ___ to ____ lobules

A

20-25

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28
Q

_______ give rise to buds that develop into 20-25 lobules of the mammary gland

A

Lactiferous ducts

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29
Q

What is the functional substance of the mammary gland?

A

Parenchyma

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30
Q

How many quadrants does the breast have?

A

4

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31
Q

What are the 2 main arteries that supply the breast?

A
  • Internal thoracic a

- Lateral thoracic a

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32
Q

What are the 2 branches of the internal thoracic a that supply the breast?

A
  • Perforating branches

- Medial mammillary branches

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33
Q

What are the branches off the lateral thoracic artery that supply the breast?

A

-Lateral mammary branches

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34
Q

What are 3 other arteries that supply the breast? (minorly)

A
  • Anterior intercostal a
  • Posterior intercostal a
  • Thoracoacromial a- pectoral branch
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35
Q

How does breast cancer typically spread?

A

-Through the lymph nodes and via blood because the breast have many different arterial supplies

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36
Q

What are the 2 plexuses of the breast lympatics?

A
  • Superficial plexus

- Deep plexus

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37
Q

Do most nodes drain ispilaterally/contralaterally?

A

Ipsilaterally

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38
Q

What do most fluid drain into?

A

Axillary Node (75%)

39
Q

What lines the 2 pulmonary cavities

A

Endothoracic fascia

40
Q

What is continuous with endothoracic fascia

A

Prevertebral fascia

41
Q

What fascia blends into the pericardial fascia?

A

Pretrachial

42
Q

T/F- there is a fascial connection between the endothoracic pleural and the diaphragm

A

True

43
Q

What is the most superficial fascia of the pulmonary cavity?

A

Endothoracic fascia

44
Q

What are the 2 layers of pleura in the pulmonary cavity?

A
  • Parietal pleura

- Visceral pleura

45
Q

What part of the lung is not covered by pleura

A

The root structures

46
Q

This is the space between the ribs and the diaphragm that is not completely filled with the lungs but it has potential to be if the lungs expand

A

The costodiaphragmatic recess

47
Q

What are the 3 surfaces that are in contact with the lungs

A
  • Costal
  • Diaphragmatic
  • Mediastinal
48
Q

What is the significance of cervical pleura

A
  • It exists

- The apexes of the lungs go up and behind the clavicle so there needs to be pleural there as well

49
Q

What rib is the horizontal fissure of the right lung at, and what 2 lobes does that divide?

A
  • 4th rib

- Separates the superior and the middle lobe

50
Q

If there was fluid in the pericardial space, where would you insert the needle to remove it?

A

Left side in the intercostal space of the 5th rib

51
Q

If you are on the posterior side, what lobes of the lungs are you really percussing/analyzing?

A

Inferior lobes

52
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have

A

3

53
Q

What are the 4 impressions in the right lung?

A
  • Azygos
  • Esophageal
  • Cardiac
  • SVC
54
Q

How many lobes are in the left lung?

A

2

55
Q

What impressions are in the left lung?

A
  • Cardiac notch
  • Cardiac impression
  • Groove for arch and thoracic aorta
56
Q

What define a bronchopulmonary segment?

A

Tertiary bronchus

57
Q

Are the tracheal rings complete rings?

A

No

58
Q

What airway is larger and more verticle?

A

The right bronchus

59
Q

Each lobar serves ___ lobe

A

1

60
Q

Describe the arteries and veins in the lung

A
  • 1 pulmonary artery
  • 3 bronchial arteries (1 right and 2 left)
  • 2 pulmonary veins
61
Q

What do the pulmonary veins do?

A

Collect O2 rich blood and deliver it to left atrium

62
Q

Where are the bronchial arteries located?

A
  • On the surface of the airway

- Very small branches that supply the airway

63
Q

What is another name for bronchopulmonary nodes?

A
  • Hilar nodes

- Occur where bronchi go into lungs

64
Q

Where does right lymphatics drain

A

Right lymphatic duct

65
Q

Where does the left lymphatics drain

A

Thoracic duct

66
Q

What innervates the lungs?

A

The vagus (parasympathetic) and splentic (sympathetic) nerve

67
Q

What 2 nerves are responsible for providing somatosensory (localized pain) to the costal pleura?

A
  • Intercostal n

- Phrenic nerve

68
Q

What are the targets for the vagus and splentic nerve

A

SM, vessels, and mucus glands

69
Q

Sympathetic stimulation causes….

A
  • Bronchodilation

- vessel vasoconstriction

70
Q

When dividing the mediastinum into superior and inferior, what is the divider and where does it occur

A
  • Transverse thoracic plane

- Occurs at T4 and 5 (trachea also ends here)

71
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the inferior mediastinum

A
  • Anterior
  • Middle
  • Posterior
72
Q

What are the contents of the superior mediastinum?

A
  • Thymus
  • Great vessels (brachiocephalic veins, SVC, aortic arch and branches)
  • Phrenic nerve
  • Pericardiophrenic artery
  • Vagus nerve
  • L. recurrent laryngeal nerve
  • Trachea
  • Esophagus
  • Thoracic duct
73
Q

Where does the thoracic duct sit?

A

Between the esophagus and the thoracic aorta

-from the abdomen crosses and goes through the superior mediastinum to left venous angle

74
Q

Where does the vagus nerve sit in relation to the root structures?

A

Posterior

75
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve sit compared to the root structures?

A

Anterior

76
Q

What nerve sits between the arch of the aorta and the SVC?

A

Phrenic nerve

77
Q

What direction does the outflow of the aorta go?

A

Right

78
Q

What part of the heart sits on either side of the transverse thoracic plane?

A

Ascending aorta (below plane) and aortic arch (above plane)

79
Q

What is contained in the anterior mediastium

A
  • Thymus
  • Lymph nodes
  • Fat
  • Connective tissue (sternopericardium ligaments)
80
Q

What are the contents of the posterior mediastinum

A
  • Thoracic aorta
  • Tracheobronchal lymphnodes
  • Azygos vein
  • Hemiazygos vein
  • Thoracic Splanchnic nerves (greater, lesser, least)
  • Vagus nerve
  • Esophageal plexus
81
Q

What are the contents of the middle mediastinum?

A
  • Pericardial sac
  • Heart
  • Cardiac nerve plexus
  • Roots of great vessels
  • Phrenic nerve
  • Pericardiacophrenic artery
82
Q

Describe the cardiac nerve plexus

A
  • Vagal stimulation of the heart

- On the surface of ascending aorta

83
Q

What are the 2 components of the fibrous pericardium?

A
  • Sternopericardial ligaments

- Pericardiacophrenic ligaments

84
Q

What are the 2 layers of serous pericardium

A

Parietal and visceral

85
Q

What is the pericardial space

A

The potential space between the parietal and visceral pericardium

86
Q

What are the 2 sinuses of the heart?

A
  • Transverse pericardial sinus

- Oblique pericardial sinus

87
Q

This sinus is between the arteries and the veins

A

Transverse pericardial sinus

88
Q

This sinus is between the pulmonary veins and the inferior vena cava

A

Oblique pericardial sinus

89
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

-Too much pressure on the heart do to too much fast fluid accumulation

90
Q

What are the 3 layers of the blood vessel

A
  • Tunica intima
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica adventitia
91
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart

A
  • Endocardium
  • Myocardium
  • Epicardium
92
Q

This covers the valves and continues with the endothelium of vessels

A

Endocardium

93
Q

This attaches to great vessels and it is what muscles are attached to

A

Fibrous pericardium

94
Q

Look over coronary vasculature

A

GO-NOW!!

Gross (45 decks)

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