Chapter 4- Back Flashcards
What does the back consist of?
- Skin
- Subcutaneous tissue
- superficial and deep muscles
- vertebral column
- ribs
- spinal cord/meninges
- segmental nerves
- blood vessels
What are the types of vertebrae and the number of each?
- Cervical= 7
- Thoracic= 12
- Lumbar= 5
- Sacrum= 5 (fused)
- Coccyx= 3 or 4 (fused)
How many curvatures are there?
4
This type of curvature…
- concaves anteriorly
- Thoracic/Sacral
- Primary
Kyphosis
This type of curvature…
- concave posteriorly
- cervical/lumbar
- Secondary
Lordosis
Describe C1/C2 vertebrae
Atypical
Describe typical C3-6
-Small vertebral body
-Bifid spinous process
-Transverse foramen
Unicinate process
- C7–> vertebral prominens
Other characteristics of cervical vertebrae…
- Almost horizontal orientation facets
- Permit much movement
What is the relative thickness of intervertebral disks of cervical vertebrae?
Relatively thick
Characteristics of the atlas
- Ring shaped
- Devoid of vertebral body
- Devoid of spinous processes
- Superior facet- concave
- “Yes” movement
What joint is responsible for the “yes” movement?
Atlantooccipital joints
Characteristics of the axis
- Dens (odontoid process)
- “No” movement
What joint is responsible for the “No” movement?
Atlantoaxial joint
Characteristics of thoracic vertebrae
- Heart shaped vertebral body
- Spinous process slopes inferiorly
- Contains costal facets
- Vertical articular facets
- Permit rotation
- Permit limited flexion/extension/lateral bending
What are the costal facets?
- Superior
- Inferior
- Transverse
What are the vertical articular facets?
- Coronal plane
- Superior (face posterior)
- Inferior (face anterior)
Characteristics of lumbar vertebrae
- Large vertebral bodies
- stout processes
- Vertical articular facets
- Permit flex/ex/lateral rotation
Characteristics of the sacrum
- Median crest
- Intermediate crest
- Lateral crest
What are the 2 types of foramina on the sacrum?
Anterior and Posterior
- ->Ventral primary rami
- -> Dorsal primary rami
What type of joint are the intervertebral joints?
Secondary cartilaginous joints
—> Symphyses
What type of joint are the vertebral arches?
Synovial “facet” joints
—> Zygapophyseial joints
What is the outer portion of the intervertebral disc called?
Annulus fibrosis
narrow posterior
What is the inner portion of the intervertebral disc called?
Nucleus pulposus
Characteristics of nucleus pulposus (2)
Eccentric location
High water content
What is the function of the intervertebral joints
- Stabilize IV discs and vertebral bodies
- Limit excess flexion and extension
This ligament goes from the sacrum to C2 and it is wide
Anterior longitudinal ligament
This ligament goes from the sacrum to C2, continues superiorly with tectoral membrane, more narrow, weak lateral aspect
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
What are the 5 posterior ligaments?
- Flavum
- Supraspinous
- Nuchal
- Interspinous
- Intertansverse
What types of movement do the cervical vertebrae permit
- Flex
- Extend
- Laterally bending
- Rotation
T/F- There are no IV disks between C1 and C2?
True
Which way does the spinous process slope on thoracic vertebrae?
Inferiorly
What are the 3 types of costal facets on the thoracic vertebrae?
- Superior
- Inferior
- Transverse
What plane are the superior articular facets located on thoracic vertebrae?
Coronal Plane
Which way do the superior articular facets of the thoracic vertebrae face?
Posterior
Which way do the inferior articular facets of the thoracic vertebrae face?
Anterior
What type of movement do thoracic vertebrae permit?
Rotation
-limited flex/ex/and lateral bending
What 2 costal facets does the same rib hit on the thoracic vertebrae?
Superior and transverse costal facet
What plane are the articular facets located on for lumbar vertebrae?
Sagittal plane
What direction do the superior facets of lumbar vertebrae face?
Superiomedially
What way do the inferior facets of lumbar vertebrae face?
Inferolaterally
What types of movements can lumbar vertebrae permit?
Flex/Ex/Lateral flexion
-limited rotation
What comes out of the anterior sacral foramina?
Ventral Primary Rami
What comes out of the posterior sacral foramina?
Dorsal Primary Rami
Do vertebrae S2 and down need to be weight bearing?
Nopeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
What is the median crest of the sacrum equivalent to?
Spinous process
What is the intermediate crest of the sacrum equivalent to?
Articular processes
What is the lateral crest of the sacrum equivalent to?
Transverse processes
What types of joints are the intervertebral joints?
Symphyses (second cartilaginous joints)
What types of joints are the facet joints and what is their real name?
Synovial Planar Joints
-Zygopophyseal Joints
Where are the uncovertebral joints located?
C3-C6 at the uncinated processes
What is the outer portion of the intervertebral disk called?
Annulus Fibrosus (outer) -narrow
What is the inner portion of the intervertebral disk called?
Nucleus Pulposus
Characteristics of the nucleus pulposus
- High water content
- Eccentric location
What plane are the thoracic superior and inferior faces oriented in
Coronal
What plane are the lumbar superior and inferior faces oriented in
Sagittal/median
