Introductory Lecture Flashcards
Anatomy based n divisions or regions
Regional anatomy
Plane that divides body into left and right down the center of the body
Median plane
Plane that divides the body into left and right sides not down the middle of the body
Sagittal plane
Plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Frontal or coronal
Plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Horizontal, transverse, or axial plane
Plane that is in a diagonal direction
Oblique plane
Which way do you look at CT scans
From foot up
Front of the body
Anterior/Ventral
Back of body
Posterior/Dorsal
Top of body
Superior
Bottom of body
Inferior
Middle of body
Medial
Side of body
Lateral
Closer to mid line
Proximal
Further from mid line
Distal
Towards the head
Rostral (Cephalad)
Towards the tail
Caudal
When are Rostral and caudal mainly used
When looking at the nervous system
On the same side
Ipsilateral
On the opposite side
Contralateral
On top
Superficial
With in
Deep
What motion occurs in the sagittal plane
Flexion/Extension
Special motion of the foot
Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion
What motion occurs in the coronal plane
Abduction/Adduction
Outward rotation
Lateral/External rotation
Inward rotation
Medial/Internal rotation
Circular movement
Circumduction
Roll onto back
Supination
Roll onto front
Pronation
Move foot inward
Inversion
Move foot outward
Eversion
Raise shoulders
Elevation
Lower shoulders
Depression
Move jaw anteriorly
Protrusion
Move jaw posteriorly
Retrusion
Thumb to finger tips
Opposition
Thumb away from finger tips
Reposition
What is the function of the integumentary system
Protection, containment, temperature regulation, sensation, endocrine
What are the components of the skin (2)
- Epidermis
2. Dermis
What composes the dermis
Deep connective tissue, contains vasculature, nerves, and appendages
What is dense organized CT that wraps, packs, insulates deep structures, and organize regions into compartments
Fascia
What are fluid filled sacs located by bony protuberances and tendons used for lubrication to decrease friction called
Bursa
What is a thickened fascia made to hold down tendons
Retinacula
What makes up the axial skeleton
Cranium, Cervical vertebrae, hyoid bone, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, and sacrum
What makes up the appendicular skeleton
Pectoral and pelvic girdle
What makes bone hard
Mineralized calcium and phosphorus
What are the living bone cells
Osteocytes
What are the osteocytes
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
What are the general structures of bone (4)
- Periosteum
- Compact
- Spongy
- Marrow cavity
What are the bone shapes (5)
- Long
- Short
- Flat
- Irregular
- Sesamoid
What are the components of long bones (3)
- Diaphysis
- Epiphysis
- Metaphysis
Does cartilage have vasculature
No
How does cartilage get nutrients
Diffusion from perichondrium
What does cartilage being avasculature mean
Cartilage has limited ability for repair
What are thee types of cartilage (3)
- Hyaline
- Elastic
- Fibrous
Where is hyaline cartilage found
The end of long bones
Where is elastic cartilage found
Larynx and epiglottis
Where is fibrous cartilage found
Intervertebral discs, head of mandible, and menisci
What are the types of joints (3)
- Synovial
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
What are the types of synovial joints (6)
- Plane
- Hinge
- Condyloid
- Saddle
- Ball and socket
- Pivot
What type of cartilage is in synovial joints
Hyaline
Do synovial joints receive lots of innervation
YOU KNOWS IT
What comprises a synovial joint (3)
- Hyaline cartilage
- Articular capsule
- Synovial fluid
What is in the articular capsule
Fibrous layer and synovial membrane
What states that the nerves supplying the muscles
extending directly across and acting at a given joint also innervate
the joint
Hilton’s Law
What are the types of fibrous joints (3)
- Suture
- Syndesmosis
- Gomphosis
What are the types of cartilagenous joints (2)
- Synchondrosis
2. Symphysis
What is a temporary joint where cartilage turns to bone
Synchondrosis
Where are symphysis joints
Pubis symphysis and intervertebral discs
What are the 3 types of muscle fiber classification
- Skeletal
- Cardiac
- Smooth
What are the 3 types of connective tissue that hold skeletal muscle together
- Epimysium
- Perimysium
- Enodmysium
What covers muscle fibers
Endomysium
What covers the entire muscle
Epimysium
What covers a muscle fassicle
Perimysium
Motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
Motor unit
These motor units are located in the back and thigh and have several hundred muscle fibers
Large motor unit
These motor units are located in the eye and hand and have few muscle fibers
Small motor unit
In order for a muscle to work it must what
Cross a joint
True or False:
A muscle works at any joint it crosses
True
True or False:
Muscles never act in both directions
False
Muscle that does the main portion of motion
Prime movers/Agonists
Muscle that opposes the motion of the agonist
Antagonist
Muscle that aides the prime mover
Synergist
Muscle that stabilizes one end of a muscle and contracts isometrically
Fixators
This is 2 pumps in series
The heart
True or False:
You can heal without blood flow
False
What is the pressure on the left side of the heart
120-80, so 90ish
What is the pressure on the right side of the heart
12-15
No pressure eqausl
No flow
This system is responsible for the removal of cellular debris and infectious agents
Lymphoid system
True or False:
Lymph vessels are open at the distal end
True
What are the 2 structural divisions of the nervous system
CNS and PNS
What are the 2 functional divisions of the nervous system
Somatic and Autonomic NS
These leave always leave the CNS
Efferent fibers
These enter the posterior of the CNS
Afferent fibers
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there in the PNS
12 pairs
How many pairs of spinal nerves are in the PNS
31 pairs and the accessory nerve CN (XI)
What is the end of the spinal cord called
Conus medullaris
Where does the spinal cord start
Foramen magnum
What is the structure at about L1 vertebral level
Caudate equina
What does verbal level refer to
Same level as the bone
What does spinal level refer to
Same level on spinal cord
This system provides general sensory and motor innervation to all of the body
Somatic nervous system
What are the things you feel because of the somatic sensory system (4)
- Touch
- Pain
- Temperature
- Position
The somatic motor system controls what
All voluntary and reflexive movements
Do the rami belong to the spinal nerve or spinal cord
Spinal nerve
True or False:
Rootlets and roots are unidirectional
True
True or False:
Nerves and their parts are unidirectional
False
The sympathetic nervous system is also called what division?
Thoracocolumbar Division
The parasympathetic nervous system is also called what division?
Craniospinal Division
How many neurons does the sympathetic nervous system use?
2
Presynaptic and postsynaptic
How many neurons does the parasympathetic nervous system use?
2
Presynaptic and postsynaptic
Where is the presynaptic neuron located?
In the gray matter of the CNS
Where are the postsynaptic neurons located?
Outside of the CNS in autonomic ganglia with fibers extending to the organ
Short presynaptic and long postsynaptic are characteristics of…
Sympathetic
Long presynaptic and short post synaptic are characteristics of…
Parasympathetic
Where are ganglion located for parasympathetic?
Only in the brain
Where are the cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system presynaptic neurons found?
Intermediolateral cell columns (nuclei of the spinal cord)
What parts of the spinal cord make up the IMLs gray matter?
Thoracic and upper lumbar (hence the name, thoracolumbar)
What is another name for paravertebral ganglia?
Sympathetic chain ganglia- goes from the base of the cranium to the level of the coccyx
What is the prevertebral gangia?
Plexuses that surround the origins of the main branches of the abdominal aorta (sit on top of vertebrae on the abdominal aorta)
-cell bodies that feed the viscera are very close to the blood supply
What are the 4 courses for synapsing?
- Ascend the sym. truck to a higher paravertebral ganglion
- Descend the sym. truck to go to a lower paravertebral ganglion
- Enter and synapse immediately with postsyn. neuron of paravertebral neuron of that level
- Pass through sym. truck w/o synapsing to reach the prevertebral ganglia
What are the cranial nerves and sacral nerves that work in the parasympathetic system
CN: III VII IX X
Sacral Nerves: S2-S4
