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Gross > Introductory Lecture > Flashcards

Introductory Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy based n divisions or regions

A

Regional anatomy

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2
Q

Plane that divides body into left and right down the center of the body

A

Median plane

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3
Q

Plane that divides the body into left and right sides not down the middle of the body

A

Sagittal plane

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4
Q

Plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

A

Frontal or coronal

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5
Q

Plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts

A

Horizontal, transverse, or axial plane

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6
Q

Plane that is in a diagonal direction

A

Oblique plane

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7
Q

Which way do you look at CT scans

A

From foot up

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8
Q

Front of the body

A

Anterior/Ventral

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9
Q

Back of body

A

Posterior/Dorsal

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10
Q

Top of body

A

Superior

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11
Q

Bottom of body

A

Inferior

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12
Q

Middle of body

A

Medial

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13
Q

Side of body

A

Lateral

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14
Q

Closer to mid line

A

Proximal

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15
Q

Further from mid line

A

Distal

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16
Q

Towards the head

A

Rostral (Cephalad)

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17
Q

Towards the tail

A

Caudal

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18
Q

When are Rostral and caudal mainly used

A

When looking at the nervous system

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19
Q

On the same side

A

Ipsilateral

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20
Q

On the opposite side

A

Contralateral

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21
Q

On top

A

Superficial

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22
Q

With in

A

Deep

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23
Q

What motion occurs in the sagittal plane

A

Flexion/Extension

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24
Q

Special motion of the foot

A

Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion

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25
Q

What motion occurs in the coronal plane

A

Abduction/Adduction

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26
Q

Outward rotation

A

Lateral/External rotation

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27
Q

Inward rotation

A

Medial/Internal rotation

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28
Q

Circular movement

A

Circumduction

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29
Q

Roll onto back

A

Supination

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30
Q

Roll onto front

A

Pronation

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31
Q

Move foot inward

A

Inversion

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32
Q

Move foot outward

A

Eversion

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33
Q

Raise shoulders

A

Elevation

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34
Q

Lower shoulders

A

Depression

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35
Q

Move jaw anteriorly

A

Protrusion

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36
Q

Move jaw posteriorly

A

Retrusion

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37
Q

Thumb to finger tips

A

Opposition

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38
Q

Thumb away from finger tips

A

Reposition

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39
Q

What is the function of the integumentary system

A

Protection, containment, temperature regulation, sensation, endocrine

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40
Q

What are the components of the skin (2)

A
  1. Epidermis

2. Dermis

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41
Q

What composes the dermis

A

Deep connective tissue, contains vasculature, nerves, and appendages

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42
Q

What is dense organized CT that wraps, packs, insulates deep structures, and organize regions into compartments

A

Fascia

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43
Q

What are fluid filled sacs located by bony protuberances and tendons used for lubrication to decrease friction called

A

Bursa

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44
Q

What is a thickened fascia made to hold down tendons

A

Retinacula

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45
Q

What makes up the axial skeleton

A

Cranium, Cervical vertebrae, hyoid bone, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, and sacrum

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46
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeleton

A

Pectoral and pelvic girdle

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47
Q

What makes bone hard

A

Mineralized calcium and phosphorus

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48
Q

What are the living bone cells

A

Osteocytes

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49
Q

What are the osteocytes

A

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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50
Q

What are the general structures of bone (4)

A
  1. Periosteum
  2. Compact
  3. Spongy
  4. Marrow cavity
51
Q

What are the bone shapes (5)

A
  1. Long
  2. Short
  3. Flat
  4. Irregular
  5. Sesamoid
52
Q

What are the components of long bones (3)

A
  1. Diaphysis
  2. Epiphysis
  3. Metaphysis
53
Q

Does cartilage have vasculature

A

No

54
Q

How does cartilage get nutrients

A

Diffusion from perichondrium

55
Q

What does cartilage being avasculature mean

A

Cartilage has limited ability for repair

56
Q

What are thee types of cartilage (3)

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Elastic
  3. Fibrous
57
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found

A

The end of long bones

58
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found

A

Larynx and epiglottis

59
Q

Where is fibrous cartilage found

A

Intervertebral discs, head of mandible, and menisci

60
Q

What are the types of joints (3)

A
  1. Synovial
  2. Fibrous
  3. Cartilaginous
61
Q

What are the types of synovial joints (6)

A
  1. Plane
  2. Hinge
  3. Condyloid
  4. Saddle
  5. Ball and socket
  6. Pivot
62
Q

What type of cartilage is in synovial joints

A

Hyaline

63
Q

Do synovial joints receive lots of innervation

A

YOU KNOWS IT

64
Q

What comprises a synovial joint (3)

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage
  2. Articular capsule
  3. Synovial fluid
65
Q

What is in the articular capsule

A

Fibrous layer and synovial membrane

66
Q

What states that the nerves supplying the muscles
extending directly across and acting at a given joint also innervate
the joint

A

Hilton’s Law

67
Q

What are the types of fibrous joints (3)

A
  1. Suture
  2. Syndesmosis
  3. Gomphosis
68
Q

What are the types of cartilagenous joints (2)

A
  1. Synchondrosis

2. Symphysis

69
Q

What is a temporary joint where cartilage turns to bone

A

Synchondrosis

70
Q

Where are symphysis joints

A

Pubis symphysis and intervertebral discs

71
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle fiber classification

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
72
Q

What are the 3 types of connective tissue that hold skeletal muscle together

A
  1. Epimysium
  2. Perimysium
  3. Enodmysium
73
Q

What covers muscle fibers

A

Endomysium

74
Q

What covers the entire muscle

A

Epimysium

75
Q

What covers a muscle fassicle

A

Perimysium

76
Q

Motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

A

Motor unit

77
Q

These motor units are located in the back and thigh and have several hundred muscle fibers

A

Large motor unit

78
Q

These motor units are located in the eye and hand and have few muscle fibers

A

Small motor unit

79
Q

In order for a muscle to work it must what

A

Cross a joint

80
Q

True or False:

A muscle works at any joint it crosses

A

True

81
Q

True or False:

Muscles never act in both directions

A

False

82
Q

Muscle that does the main portion of motion

A

Prime movers/Agonists

83
Q

Muscle that opposes the motion of the agonist

A

Antagonist

84
Q

Muscle that aides the prime mover

A

Synergist

85
Q

Muscle that stabilizes one end of a muscle and contracts isometrically

A

Fixators

86
Q

This is 2 pumps in series

A

The heart

87
Q

True or False:

You can heal without blood flow

A

False

88
Q

What is the pressure on the left side of the heart

A

120-80, so 90ish

89
Q

What is the pressure on the right side of the heart

A

12-15

90
Q

No pressure eqausl

A

No flow

91
Q

This system is responsible for the removal of cellular debris and infectious agents

A

Lymphoid system

92
Q

True or False:

Lymph vessels are open at the distal end

A

True

93
Q

What are the 2 structural divisions of the nervous system

A

CNS and PNS

94
Q

What are the 2 functional divisions of the nervous system

A

Somatic and Autonomic NS

95
Q

These leave always leave the CNS

A

Efferent fibers

96
Q

These enter the posterior of the CNS

A

Afferent fibers

97
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there in the PNS

A

12 pairs

98
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are in the PNS

A

31 pairs and the accessory nerve CN (XI)

99
Q

What is the end of the spinal cord called

A

Conus medullaris

100
Q

Where does the spinal cord start

A

Foramen magnum

101
Q

What is the structure at about L1 vertebral level

A

Caudate equina

102
Q

What does verbal level refer to

A

Same level as the bone

103
Q

What does spinal level refer to

A

Same level on spinal cord

104
Q

This system provides general sensory and motor innervation to all of the body

A

Somatic nervous system

105
Q

What are the things you feel because of the somatic sensory system (4)

A
  1. Touch
  2. Pain
  3. Temperature
  4. Position
106
Q

The somatic motor system controls what

A

All voluntary and reflexive movements

107
Q

Do the rami belong to the spinal nerve or spinal cord

A

Spinal nerve

108
Q

True or False:

Rootlets and roots are unidirectional

A

True

109
Q

True or False:

Nerves and their parts are unidirectional

A

False

110
Q

The sympathetic nervous system is also called what division?

A

Thoracocolumbar Division

111
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system is also called what division?

A

Craniospinal Division

112
Q

How many neurons does the sympathetic nervous system use?

A

2

Presynaptic and postsynaptic

113
Q

How many neurons does the parasympathetic nervous system use?

A

2

Presynaptic and postsynaptic

114
Q

Where is the presynaptic neuron located?

A

In the gray matter of the CNS

115
Q

Where are the postsynaptic neurons located?

A

Outside of the CNS in autonomic ganglia with fibers extending to the organ

116
Q

Short presynaptic and long postsynaptic are characteristics of…

A

Sympathetic

117
Q

Long presynaptic and short post synaptic are characteristics of…

A

Parasympathetic

118
Q

Where are ganglion located for parasympathetic?

A

Only in the brain

119
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system presynaptic neurons found?

A

Intermediolateral cell columns (nuclei of the spinal cord)

120
Q

What parts of the spinal cord make up the IMLs gray matter?

A

Thoracic and upper lumbar (hence the name, thoracolumbar)

121
Q

What is another name for paravertebral ganglia?

A

Sympathetic chain ganglia- goes from the base of the cranium to the level of the coccyx

122
Q

What is the prevertebral gangia?

A

Plexuses that surround the origins of the main branches of the abdominal aorta (sit on top of vertebrae on the abdominal aorta)
-cell bodies that feed the viscera are very close to the blood supply

123
Q

What are the 4 courses for synapsing?

A
  1. Ascend the sym. truck to a higher paravertebral ganglion
  2. Descend the sym. truck to go to a lower paravertebral ganglion
  3. Enter and synapse immediately with postsyn. neuron of paravertebral neuron of that level
  4. Pass through sym. truck w/o synapsing to reach the prevertebral ganglia
124
Q

What are the cranial nerves and sacral nerves that work in the parasympathetic system

A

CN: III VII IX X

Sacral Nerves: S2-S4

Gross (45 decks)

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