Therapeutic Options for Cancer

Question 1

What are 5 preventions of cancer?

Answer 1

Diet
Smoking
Screening
Genetics
Medication

Question 2

What part of diet can CRC be linked to?

Answer 2

Red meat consumption

Question 3

What part of diet can breast cancer be linked to?

Answer 3

Saturated fat intake

Question 4

What can decrease risk in terms of diet?

Answer 4

Physical activity

Question 5

Diet has lots of ______ factors.

Answer 5

Confounding

Question 6

What is the current advice for diet?

Answer 6

Eat 5 or more portions of fruit and veg
Avoid obesity
Regular exercise (30mins/day)

Question 7

What is the screening for cervical cancer?

Answer 7

Smear test

Question 8

What is the screening for CRC?

Answer 8

Faecal occult blood

Question 9

What is the screening for breast cancer?

Answer 9

Mammography

Question 10

What is the screening for prostate cancer?

Answer 10

PSA blood test

Question 11

What is the screening for lung cancer?

Answer 11

MR/CT scanning

Question 12

Why is prostate screening controversial?

Answer 12

Many people will have prostate cancer and will have lived with it for years with no effects.

Question 13

All screenings have the chance of false ______.

Answer 13

Negatives.

Question 14

What would families with genetically inherited CRC and FAP get? (4 points)

Answer 14

Autosomal dominant
Screening for APC mutations
Regular colonoscopy
Offer panproctocolectomy when adenomas found

Question 15

What are the 2 genes which increase risk of breast cancer?

Answer 15

BRCA1

BRCA2

Question 16

What is used to treat primary oesophageal cancer?

Answer 16

Supplementing diet with antioxidants (no effect)

Question 17

What is used for people with a risk of primary breast cancer?

Answer 17

Prophylactic tamoxifen

Question 18

What is used for people who have had previous lung cancer and have a risk of secondary lung cancer?

Answer 18

Give antioxidants (no effect)

Question 19

What are the 4 local/regional treatments?

Answer 19

Surgery
Radiotherapy
Ablation
Isolated limb perfusion

Question 20

What are the 4 systemic treatments?

Answer 20

Hormonal therapy
Chemotherapy
Immunotherapy
Whole body irradiation (Bone marrow transplant)

Question 21

What 2 things are needed to determine where the cancer is?

Answer 21

Examination

Radiology/Imaging

Question 22

What is needed to determine what type of cancer it is?

Answer 22

Classification (Pathology)

Genomics

Question 23

Surgery needs anatomical ______.

Answer 23

Clearance

Question 24

In %, how many cancers are cured by surgery?

Answer 24

50

Question 25

Radiotherapy needs anatomical ______.

Answer 25

Coverage

Question 26

What can radiotherapy treat?

Answer 26

Inoperable lesions

Question 27

What can be maintained in radiotherapy?

Answer 27

Function and/or appearance.

Question 28

What are the 5 Rs of radiobiology?

Answer 28

``` Radiosensitivity Repair Repopulation Reoxygenation Reassortment ```

Question 29

In cancer cells, are the high or low in oxygen concentration?

Answer 29

Low

Question 30

If cells are low in oxygen they are sensitive/resistant to radiotherapy.

Answer 30

Resistant

Question 31

What phase is very resistant to radiotherapy?

Answer 31

Late S

Question 32

What % of cancers are treated by radiotherapy?

Answer 32

40

Question 33

What are the 3 main cancers treated by radiotherapy?

Answer 33

H&N Cervix/Uterus Skin

Question 34

What plays an important role in palliation (e.g pain, bleeding, swollen limbs)?

Answer 34

Radiotherapy

Question 35

What is the advantage of systemic treatment?

Answer 35

Beneficial for widespread disease.

Question 36

What is the disadvantage of systemic treatment?

Answer 36

Can result in widespread toxicity.

Question 37

What percentage of cancers does chemotherapy treat?

Answer 37

3%

Question 38

What does systemic treatment have potential to do?

Answer 38

Be very specific.

Question 39

What is the ideal difference on a graph between anti-tumour effect and normal tissue toxicity in therapeutic index?

Answer 39

As far apart as possible.

Question 40

What are the 4 indications for the use of cytotoxic drugs?

Answer 40

Curative Palliative Adjuvant Neoadjuvant

Question 41

What is adjuvant chemotherapy?

Answer 41

The use of multiple ways of healing i.e chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Balance between healing and pain.

Question 42

What does neoadjuvant help decide?

Answer 42

How the cancer is going to behave.

Question 43

What are the 2 main cancers treated by curative chemotherapy?

Answer 43

Testicular cancer | Lymphomas

Question 44

What can curative chemotherapy be used along with?

Answer 44

Radiotherapy e.g anal cancer

Question 45

What is the aim of adjuvant chemotherapy?

Answer 45

Improve survival

Question 46

What does adjuvant chemotherapy follow?

Answer 46

Surgery

Question 47

What are the 2 decisions to look at for adjuvant chemotherapy?

Answer 47

Toxicity vs Benefit | Cost vs Benefit

Question 48

What is the main aim of palliative chemotherapy?

Answer 48

Relieve symptoms

Question 49

What are the 2 aims of neoadjuvant chemotherapy?

Answer 49

Improve survival | Reduce morbidity

Question 50

What 2 cancers does hormone therapy benefit?

Answer 50

Breast cancer | Prostate cancer

Question 51

What are the 3 specific immune therapies?

Answer 51

Monoclonal antibodies Programmed cell death pathway Chimeric antigen receptor T-Cells

Question 52

What does programmed cell death pathway use the immune system to do?

Answer 52

Attack foreign cancer cells.

Question 53

What is the 4th type of immune therapy?

Answer 53

Non specific

Question 54

What are designer therapies?

Answer 54

Specific therapy based on molecular science (intracellular growth control points).