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Principles of Disease > Therapeutic Options for Cancer > Flashcards

Therapeutic Options for Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What are 5 preventions of cancer?

A 
Diet
Smoking
Screening
Genetics
Medication
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2
Q

What part of diet can CRC be linked to?

A

Red meat consumption

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3
Q

What part of diet can breast cancer be linked to?

A

Saturated fat intake

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4
Q

What can decrease risk in terms of diet?

A

Physical activity

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5
Q

Diet has lots of ______ factors.

A

Confounding

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6
Q

What is the current advice for diet?

A 
Eat 5 or more portions of fruit and veg
Avoid obesity
Regular exercise (30mins/day)
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7
Q

What is the screening for cervical cancer?

A

Smear test

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8
Q

What is the screening for CRC?

A

Faecal occult blood

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9
Q

What is the screening for breast cancer?

A

Mammography

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10
Q

What is the screening for prostate cancer?

A

PSA blood test

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11
Q

What is the screening for lung cancer?

A

MR/CT scanning

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12
Q

Why is prostate screening controversial?

A

Many people will have prostate cancer and will have lived with it for years with no effects.

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13
Q

All screenings have the chance of false ______.

A

Negatives.

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14
Q

What would families with genetically inherited CRC and FAP get? (4 points)

A

Autosomal dominant
Screening for APC mutations
Regular colonoscopy
Offer panproctocolectomy when adenomas found

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15
Q

What are the 2 genes which increase risk of breast cancer?

A

BRCA1

BRCA2

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16
Q

What is used to treat primary oesophageal cancer?

A

Supplementing diet with antioxidants (no effect)

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17
Q

What is used for people with a risk of primary breast cancer?

A

Prophylactic tamoxifen

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18
Q

What is used for people who have had previous lung cancer and have a risk of secondary lung cancer?

A

Give antioxidants (no effect)

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19
Q

What are the 4 local/regional treatments?

A

Surgery
Radiotherapy
Ablation
Isolated limb perfusion

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20
Q

What are the 4 systemic treatments?

A

Hormonal therapy
Chemotherapy
Immunotherapy
Whole body irradiation (Bone marrow transplant)

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21
Q

What 2 things are needed to determine where the cancer is?

A

Examination

Radiology/Imaging

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22
Q

What is needed to determine what type of cancer it is?

A

Classification (Pathology)

Genomics

23
Q

Surgery needs anatomical ______.

A

Clearance

24
Q

In %, how many cancers are cured by surgery?

A

50

25
Q

Radiotherapy needs anatomical ______.

A

Coverage

26
Q

What can radiotherapy treat?

A

Inoperable lesions

27
Q

What can be maintained in radiotherapy?

A

Function and/or appearance.

28
Q

What are the 5 Rs of radiobiology?

A 
Radiosensitivity
Repair
Repopulation
Reoxygenation
Reassortment
29
Q

In cancer cells, are the high or low in oxygen concentration?

A

Low

30
Q

If cells are low in oxygen they are sensitive/resistant to radiotherapy.

A

Resistant

31
Q

What phase is very resistant to radiotherapy?

A

Late S

32
Q

What % of cancers are treated by radiotherapy?

A

40

33
Q

What are the 3 main cancers treated by radiotherapy?

A

H&N
Cervix/Uterus
Skin

34
Q

What plays an important role in palliation (e.g pain, bleeding, swollen limbs)?

A

Radiotherapy

35
Q

What is the advantage of systemic treatment?

A

Beneficial for widespread disease.

36
Q

What is the disadvantage of systemic treatment?

A

Can result in widespread toxicity.

37
Q

What percentage of cancers does chemotherapy treat?

A

3%

38
Q

What does systemic treatment have potential to do?

A

Be very specific.

39
Q

What is the ideal difference on a graph between anti-tumour effect and normal tissue toxicity in therapeutic index?

A

As far apart as possible.

40
Q

What are the 4 indications for the use of cytotoxic drugs?

A

Curative
Palliative
Adjuvant
Neoadjuvant

41
Q

What is adjuvant chemotherapy?

A

The use of multiple ways of healing i.e chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Balance between healing and pain.

42
Q

What does neoadjuvant help decide?

A

How the cancer is going to behave.

43
Q

What are the 2 main cancers treated by curative chemotherapy?

A

Testicular cancer

Lymphomas

44
Q

What can curative chemotherapy be used along with?

A

Radiotherapy

e.g anal cancer

45
Q

What is the aim of adjuvant chemotherapy?

A

Improve survival

46
Q

What does adjuvant chemotherapy follow?

A

Surgery

47
Q

What are the 2 decisions to look at for adjuvant chemotherapy?

A

Toxicity vs Benefit

Cost vs Benefit

48
Q

What is the main aim of palliative chemotherapy?

A

Relieve symptoms

49
Q

What are the 2 aims of neoadjuvant chemotherapy?

A

Improve survival

Reduce morbidity

50
Q

What 2 cancers does hormone therapy benefit?

A

Breast cancer

Prostate cancer

51
Q

What are the 3 specific immune therapies?

A

Monoclonal antibodies
Programmed cell death pathway
Chimeric antigen receptor T-Cells

52
Q

What does programmed cell death pathway use the immune system to do?

A

Attack foreign cancer cells.

53
Q

What is the 4th type of immune therapy?

A

Non specific

54
Q

What are designer therapies?

A

Specific therapy based on molecular science (intracellular growth control points).

Principles of Disease (42 decks)

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