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Principles of Disease > Storing and Using Genetic Information > Flashcards

Storing and Using Genetic Information Flashcards

1
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Outward, physical manifestation of organism.

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2
Q

What is a genotype?

A

Full hereditary information of organism.

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3
Q

Why do proteins have different functions?

A

Because of their different structures.

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4
Q

What is a DNA chain made of?

A

Nucleotide monomers

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5
Q

What is a nucleotide monomer made of?

A

Sugar
Base
Phosphate group

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6
Q

What is the name of the sugar in DNA?

A

2’ Deoxyribose

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7
Q

What is the name of the sugar in RNA?

A

Ribose

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8
Q

How is the DNA arranged?

A

Double helix

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9
Q

What way does the DNA spiral?

A

Right

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10
Q

What base matches with cytosine?

A

Guanine

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11
Q

What base matches with adenine?

A

Thymine (Uracil in RNA)

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12
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

Most of the cell’s genetic material.

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13
Q

What is the function of the nucleus in terms of DNA?

A

Replication and the first steps in decoding protein production.

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14
Q

In ft, how much DNA is found in one nucleus?

A

6ft

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15
Q

What is a quarter of a nucleus filled with?

A

The things needed to make RNA.

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16
Q

When is the only time chromosomes are visible?

A

When the cell is dividing.

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17
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Single piece of DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences.

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18
Q

How many histone proteins are grouped together?

A

8

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19
Q

How many times does DNA coil around a group of histone proteins before moving on to the next one?

A

Twice

20
Q

What is chromatin the name for?

A

Mixture of DNA, proteins and RNA that package DNA within the nucleus.

21
Q

What is the name of condensed chromatin?

A

Heterochromatin

22
Q

What is the name of extended chromatin?

A

Euchromatic

23
Q

What does DNA have to do for both transcription and replication?

A

Separate temporarily.

24
Q

What poses barriers to enzymes?

A

Nucleosomes

Folding of chromatin

25
Q

What two mechanisms allow chromatin to be more accessible?

A

Histones be enzymatically modified

Histones displaced

26
Q

What makes DNA replication semi-conservative?

A

One half of each is a new molecule of DNA but one is new.

27
Q

What makes DNA replication bidirectional?

A

Replicated from the 5’ to 3’ end however they go in opposite directions.

28
Q

DNA is packed about ______ times more tightly in metaphase than other cell states.

A

10,000

29
Q

Almost ______% of bases are exactly the same in all people.

A

99.9

30
Q

Less than ______% of the genome codes for proteins.

A

2

31
Q

Exons are ______ regions whereas introns are ______ regions.

A

Coding

Non-coding

32
Q

During transcription what happens to exons and introns?

A

Exons are spliced together.

Introns are eliminated

33
Q

What does genetic code describe?

A

How base sequences are converted into amino acids.

34
Q

What is the name for a set of 3 bases?

A

Codon

35
Q

How many amino acids are found in proteins?

A

20

36
Q

What does a mutated haemoglobin gene cause?

A

Sickle cell anaemia.

37
Q

What is the main role of RNA?

A

Participate in protein synthesis.

38
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A

Messenger
Transfer
Ribosomal

39
Q

What is mRNA transcribed from?

A

DNA

40
Q

What is the function of mRNA?

A

Carries information for protein synthesis.

41
Q

What is alternative splicing?

A

Process by which the exons of RNA are produced by transcription of a gene are reconnected in multiple ways.

42
Q

What determines the reading frame of the RNA sequence.

A

Initiation codon.

43
Q

What is the role of tRNA?

A

Translates mRNA into amino acid sequence.

44
Q

Where are rRNA molecules produced?

A

Nucleus

45
Q

What is the function of rRNA?

A

Combine with proteins in cytoplasm to form ribosomes.

Principles of Disease (42 decks)

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