Storing and Using Genetic Information Flashcards
What is a phenotype?
Outward, physical manifestation of organism.
What is a genotype?
Full hereditary information of organism.
Why do proteins have different functions?
Because of their different structures.
What is a DNA chain made of?
Nucleotide monomers
What is a nucleotide monomer made of?
Sugar
Base
Phosphate group
What is the name of the sugar in DNA?
2’ Deoxyribose
What is the name of the sugar in RNA?
Ribose
How is the DNA arranged?
Double helix
What way does the DNA spiral?
Right
What base matches with cytosine?
Guanine
What base matches with adenine?
Thymine (Uracil in RNA)
What does the nucleus contain?
Most of the cell’s genetic material.
What is the function of the nucleus in terms of DNA?
Replication and the first steps in decoding protein production.
In ft, how much DNA is found in one nucleus?
6ft
What is a quarter of a nucleus filled with?
The things needed to make RNA.
When is the only time chromosomes are visible?
When the cell is dividing.
What is a chromosome?
Single piece of DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences.
How many histone proteins are grouped together?
8
How many times does DNA coil around a group of histone proteins before moving on to the next one?
Twice
What is chromatin the name for?
Mixture of DNA, proteins and RNA that package DNA within the nucleus.
What is the name of condensed chromatin?
Heterochromatin
What is the name of extended chromatin?
Euchromatic
What does DNA have to do for both transcription and replication?
Separate temporarily.
What poses barriers to enzymes?
Nucleosomes
Folding of chromatin
What two mechanisms allow chromatin to be more accessible?
Histones be enzymatically modified
Histones displaced
What makes DNA replication semi-conservative?
One half of each is a new molecule of DNA but one is new.
What makes DNA replication bidirectional?
Replicated from the 5’ to 3’ end however they go in opposite directions.
DNA is packed about ______ times more tightly in metaphase than other cell states.
10,000
Almost ______% of bases are exactly the same in all people.
99.9
Less than ______% of the genome codes for proteins.
2
Exons are ______ regions whereas introns are ______ regions.
Coding
Non-coding
During transcription what happens to exons and introns?
Exons are spliced together.
Introns are eliminated
What does genetic code describe?
How base sequences are converted into amino acids.
What is the name for a set of 3 bases?
Codon
How many amino acids are found in proteins?
20
What does a mutated haemoglobin gene cause?
Sickle cell anaemia.
What is the main role of RNA?
Participate in protein synthesis.
What are the three types of RNA?
Messenger
Transfer
Ribosomal
What is mRNA transcribed from?
DNA
What is the function of mRNA?
Carries information for protein synthesis.
What is alternative splicing?
Process by which the exons of RNA are produced by transcription of a gene are reconnected in multiple ways.
What determines the reading frame of the RNA sequence.
Initiation codon.
What is the role of tRNA?
Translates mRNA into amino acid sequence.
Where are rRNA molecules produced?
Nucleus
What is the function of rRNA?
Combine with proteins in cytoplasm to form ribosomes.
