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Principles of Disease > Introduction to Parasites > Flashcards

Introduction to Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

Define a parasite.

A

Organism that lives in another organism (host) and gets its food at the expense of this host.

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2
Q

Are parasites simple organisms?

A

Yes

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3
Q

Are parasites less complex than bacteria?

A

No

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4
Q

What parasite causes the most deaths globally?

A

Malaria

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5
Q

What are the three types of protozoa?

A

Malaria
Amoebae
Flagellates

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6
Q

What are the three types of helminths?

A

Roundworms
Tapeworms
Flukes

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7
Q

What are the three types of arthropods?

A

Lice
Ticks
Mites

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8
Q

In what two ways can protozoa live?

A

Free-living

Parasitic

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9
Q

Where do protozoa multiply?

A

In humans

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10
Q

How are protozoa transmitted from humans intestine?

A

Faecal-oral

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11
Q

How are protozoa transmitted from blood or tissue of humans?

A

Arthropod vector

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12
Q

What type of disease is malaria?

A

Mosquito-borne.

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13
Q

What are three symptoms of malaria?

A

Fever
Chills
Flu like illness

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14
Q

What is the parasite involved in malaria?

A

Plasmodium species (4)

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15
Q

What parasite has the highest mortality in malaria?

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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16
Q

What type of mosquito acts as the vector?

A

Anopheles

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17
Q

What type of stained blood film is used to show infected red cells?

A

Giemsa

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18
Q

What are the two types of malaria blood films?

A

Thick

Thin

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19
Q

What are injected under the skin by mosquitos and where do they travel to?

A

Sporozoites

Through blood to liver

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20
Q

What do sporozoites do in the liver and what do they re-enter circulation as?

A

Mature

Merozoites

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21
Q

What form of parasite is taken up by the mosquito?

A

Sexual

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22
Q

What 2 things can be used for malaria control?

A

Insecticide treated mosquito nets

Prophylaxis

23
Q

What does amoebic dysentery cause?

A

Diarrhoea with blood/pus

24
Q

What is the parasite that causes amoebic dysentery?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

25
Q

What ingests red cells and how does it do this?

A

Trophozoite

Throw out pseudopodia

26
Q

What can be seen under the microscope in amoebic dysentery?

A

Cysts in a stool sample

27
Q

What is the parasite that causes Leishmaniasis?

A

Leishmania species

28
Q

What are the two main parasites that cause Leishmaniasis?

A

Cutaneous

Mucocutaenous Leishmaniasis

29
Q

What type of worm is a nematode?

A

Round worm

30
Q

What type of worm is a cestodes?

A

Tapeworm

31
Q

What type of worm is a trematode?

A

Flatworm

32
Q

What is the other name for pinworm?

A

Enterobiasis

33
Q

How is pinworm diagnoses?

A

Press adhesive sellotape against perianal region in the morning.
See ova on microscopy.

34
Q

What is the most prevalent nematode?

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

35
Q

In ascaris lumbricoides, where do the ingested eggs hatch?

A

In the intestine

36
Q

Where is larvae of ascaris lumbricoides carried?

A

Lungs where it is swallowed again.

37
Q

What can a mass of ascaris lumbricoides do?

A

Obstruct the small intestine or common bile duct.

38
Q

What type of tapeworm is found in beef and pork?

A

Taenia Saginata

Taenia Solium

39
Q

What is the intermediate host in tapeworm diseases?

A

Meat

40
Q

What is the definitive host in tapeworm diseases?

A

Human

41
Q

What is cysticercosis?

A

Ingestion of taenia solium eggs.

42
Q

What type of tapeworm is carried by dogs and wolves?

A

Echinococcus sp.

43
Q

How is echinococcus sp. transmitted?

A

Humans ingest eggs which hatch and form a hydatid cyst in the liver.

44
Q

How is echinococcus sp. removed from the body?

A

Surgical resection.

45
Q

What is the biggest trematode disease?

A

Schistosomiasis

46
Q

What are the 3 major schistosomes?

A

Haemoatobium (bladder)
Mansoni (intestines)
Japonicum (intestines)

47
Q

Where is there a high rate of schistosomiasis?

A

Near fresh water as snails are needed for transmission.

48
Q

What is found in fresh water which goes into snails?

A

Miracidia

49
Q

What emerges from snails 4-6 weeks later?

A

Cercaria

50
Q

What happens after cercaria is penetrated through the human skin?

A

Migrates through lungs to liver where they mature into worms/

51
Q

What do schistosome eggs cause?

A

Inflammation and potentially Katayama fever.

52
Q

What 2 things is helminth infection often accompanied by?

A

Eosinophilia

Elevated IgE

53
Q

What is needed for a definitive diagnosis in parasitology?

A

Identification of parasite.

54
Q

What 3 ways can be used to diagnose parasites?

A

Microscopy (PCO)
Blood films (Malaria)
Serology

Principles of Disease (42 decks)

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