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Principles of Disease > Acute Inflammation 2 > Flashcards

Acute Inflammation 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of inflammation at the peritoneal cavity?

A

Peritonitis

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2
Q

What is the name of inflammation at the meninges?

A

Meningitis

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3
Q

What is the name of inflammation at the appendix?

A

Appendicitis

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4
Q

What is the name of inflammation at the lungs?

A

Pneumonia

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5
Q

What is the name of inflammation at the pleural cavity?

A

Pleurisy

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6
Q

Neutrophils are ______ phagocytes.

A

Mobile

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7
Q

What do neutrophils do when they recognise a foreign agent?

A

Move towards it (chemotaxis)

Adhere to organism

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8
Q

What do neutrophil granules contain?

A

Oxidants and enzymes.

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9
Q

What happens when neutrophils release their granule content?

A

Phagocytose and destroy foreign agent. They also die.

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10
Q

What happens when neutrophils die?

A

They produce a ‘soup’ of fluid filled with bits of cell, organisms, endogenous proteins (pus) which can extend into other tissues and progress the inflammation.

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11
Q

What are the 2 plasma proteins involved in inflammation?

A

Fibrinogen

Immunoglobulins

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12
Q

What is the role of fibrinogen in inflammation?

A

Forms fibrin and clots exudate. Localises inflammatory process.

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13
Q

What is the role of immunoglobulins in inflammation?

A

Humoural immune response.

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14
Q

Where are the 3 mediator molecules of acute inflammation found?

A

Endothelial cell surface
Released from cells
In the plasma

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15
Q

What are the 5 collective effects of mediators?

A 
Vasodilation
Increased permeability
Neutrophil adhesion
Chemotaxis
Itch and pain
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16
Q

What do ICAM-1 mediators help neutrophils do?

A

Adhere

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17
Q

What do P-selectin mediators do?

A

Interact with neutrophil surface.

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18
Q

What are the 2 main mediators released from cells?

A 
Histamine
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)
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19
Q

What are the 4 enzyme cascades in plasma?

A

Blood coagulation pathway
Fibrinolysis
Kinin system
Complement cascade

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20
Q

What does the blood coagulation pathway do?

A

Clots fibrinogen in exudate

21
Q

What does fibrinolysis do?

A

Breaks down fibrin to maintain blood supply.

22
Q

What does the kinin system do?

A

Initiates pain

23
Q

What does the complement cascade do?

A

Stimulates increased permeability, chemotaxis, phagocytosis and cell breakdown.

24
Q

What do mediators do relative to the body’s needs?

A

Favours and inhibits acute inflammation.

25
Q

What are the 3 immediate systemic effects of inflammation?

A

Pyrexia
Unwell
Neutrophilia

26
Q

What is pyrexia?

A

Raised temperature

27
Q

What is neutrophilia?

A

Raise white blood cell count.

28
Q

What are 3 long term systemic effects?

A

Lymphadenopathy
Weight loss
Anaemia

29
Q

What is lymphadenopathy?

A

Lymph node enlargement.

30
Q

What does suppuration include?

A

Pus formation

Pyogenic membrane around pus

31
Q

What is an abscess?

A

Collection of pus under pressure.

32
Q

What are the 2 types of abscess?

A

Single loculated

Multi loculated

33
Q

What is the name for pus in a hollow viscus?

A

Empyema

34
Q

What is the name for pus which is discharged into the bloodstream?

A

Pyaemia

35
Q

What 3 things occur in organisation?

A

Granulation tissue
Healing and repair
Leads to fibrosis and scar formation

36
Q

What is granulation tissue?

A

Repair kit for all damages.

37
Q

What happens in dissemination?

A

Pathogen spread to bloodstream.

38
Q

What is bacteraemia?

A

Bacteria in blood

39
Q

What is septicaemia?

A

Growth of bacteria in the blood

40
Q

What is toxaemia?

A

Toxic products in blood.

41
Q

What can be used to calculate cardiac output (CO)?

A

Stroke volume (SV) x Heart rate (HR)

42
Q

What can be used to calculate blood pressure (BP)?

A

Cardiac output (CO) x systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

43
Q

Define shock.

A

Inability to perfuse tissues.

44
Q

What 4 things can happen during shock?

A

Peripheral vasodilation
Tachycadia
Hypotension
Pyrexia

45
Q

If mediators cause a decrease of SVR, what would happen to HR?

A

Increase

46
Q

What bacterial endotoxin causes pyrexia in septic shock?

A

Interleukin-1

47
Q

What is activated to cause haemorrhagic skin rash?

A

Coagulation

48
Q

When compensation fails, what three things can occur?

A

Raised HR due to not maintaining CO
BP falls
Reduced perfusion of tissues

Principles of Disease (42 decks)

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