Acute Inflammation 2 Flashcards
What is the name of inflammation at the peritoneal cavity?
Peritonitis
What is the name of inflammation at the meninges?
Meningitis
What is the name of inflammation at the appendix?
Appendicitis
What is the name of inflammation at the lungs?
Pneumonia
What is the name of inflammation at the pleural cavity?
Pleurisy
Neutrophils are ______ phagocytes.
Mobile
What do neutrophils do when they recognise a foreign agent?
Move towards it (chemotaxis)
Adhere to organism
What do neutrophil granules contain?
Oxidants and enzymes.
What happens when neutrophils release their granule content?
Phagocytose and destroy foreign agent. They also die.
What happens when neutrophils die?
They produce a ‘soup’ of fluid filled with bits of cell, organisms, endogenous proteins (pus) which can extend into other tissues and progress the inflammation.
What are the 2 plasma proteins involved in inflammation?
Fibrinogen
Immunoglobulins
What is the role of fibrinogen in inflammation?
Forms fibrin and clots exudate. Localises inflammatory process.
What is the role of immunoglobulins in inflammation?
Humoural immune response.
Where are the 3 mediator molecules of acute inflammation found?
Endothelial cell surface
Released from cells
In the plasma
What are the 5 collective effects of mediators?
Vasodilation Increased permeability Neutrophil adhesion Chemotaxis Itch and pain
What do ICAM-1 mediators help neutrophils do?
Adhere
What do P-selectin mediators do?
Interact with neutrophil surface.
What are the 2 main mediators released from cells?
Histamine Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)
What are the 4 enzyme cascades in plasma?
Blood coagulation pathway
Fibrinolysis
Kinin system
Complement cascade
What does the blood coagulation pathway do?
Clots fibrinogen in exudate
What does fibrinolysis do?
Breaks down fibrin to maintain blood supply.
What does the kinin system do?
Initiates pain
What does the complement cascade do?
Stimulates increased permeability, chemotaxis, phagocytosis and cell breakdown.
What do mediators do relative to the body’s needs?
Favours and inhibits acute inflammation.
What are the 3 immediate systemic effects of inflammation?
Pyrexia
Unwell
Neutrophilia
What is pyrexia?
Raised temperature
What is neutrophilia?
Raise white blood cell count.
What are 3 long term systemic effects?
Lymphadenopathy
Weight loss
Anaemia
What is lymphadenopathy?
Lymph node enlargement.
What does suppuration include?
Pus formation
Pyogenic membrane around pus
What is an abscess?
Collection of pus under pressure.
What are the 2 types of abscess?
Single loculated
Multi loculated
What is the name for pus in a hollow viscus?
Empyema
What is the name for pus which is discharged into the bloodstream?
Pyaemia
What 3 things occur in organisation?
Granulation tissue
Healing and repair
Leads to fibrosis and scar formation
What is granulation tissue?
Repair kit for all damages.
What happens in dissemination?
Pathogen spread to bloodstream.
What is bacteraemia?
Bacteria in blood
What is septicaemia?
Growth of bacteria in the blood
What is toxaemia?
Toxic products in blood.
What can be used to calculate cardiac output (CO)?
Stroke volume (SV) x Heart rate (HR)
What can be used to calculate blood pressure (BP)?
Cardiac output (CO) x systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
Define shock.
Inability to perfuse tissues.
What 4 things can happen during shock?
Peripheral vasodilation
Tachycadia
Hypotension
Pyrexia
If mediators cause a decrease of SVR, what would happen to HR?
Increase
What bacterial endotoxin causes pyrexia in septic shock?
Interleukin-1
What is activated to cause haemorrhagic skin rash?
Coagulation
When compensation fails, what three things can occur?
Raised HR due to not maintaining CO
BP falls
Reduced perfusion of tissues
