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Principles of Disease > Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1 > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a bactericidal?

A

Antimicrobial that kills bacteria.

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2
Q

What is a bacteriostatic?

A

Antimicrobial that inhibits growth of bacteria.

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3
Q

What is a sensitive organism?

A

Inhibited or killed by antimicrobial available at site of infection.

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4
Q

What is a resistant organism?

A

Not inhibited or killed by antimicrobial available at the site of infection.

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5
Q

What does MIC stand for?

A

Minimal Inhibitory Concentration

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6
Q

What is MIC?

A

Minimum concentration of antimicrobial needed to inhibit visible growth.

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7
Q

What does MBC stand for?

A

Minimal bactericidal concentration.

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8
Q

What is MBC?

A

Minimum concentration of antimicrobial needed to kill a given organism.

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9
Q

What are the 3 routes of administration?

A

Topical
Systemic
Parenteral

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10
Q

How are topical routes administered?

A

Applied to a surface

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11
Q

How are systemic routes administered?

A

Taken internally, either orally or parenterally.

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12
Q

How are parenteral routes administered?

A

Either intravenously or intramuscularly.

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13
Q

What will inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A

Penicillin

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14
Q

Why are humans not affected by antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A

They don’t have a cell wall.

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15
Q

What can glycopeptides do to gram negative organisms?

A

Nothing

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16
Q

How are glycopeptides given?

A

Parenterly

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17
Q

What type of bacteria do aminoglycosides affect?

A

Serious gram-negative infections.

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18
Q

What reaction do aminoglycosides inhibit?

A

Protein synthesis

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19
Q

What are a useful alternative to penicillins in treatment of gram-positive infections?

A

Macrolides

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20
Q

What are staph. aureus, strep pyogenes and strep pneumoniae highly resistant to?

A

Tetracyclines

21
Q

How can oxazolidinones be given?

A

Orally

22
Q

What does daptomycin, cyclic lipopeptide, work actively against?

A

Gram positive (MRSA in particular).

23
Q

How do antibiotics inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?

A

Interrupting the supply of precursors.

24
Q

What is trimethoprim commonly used for?

A

UTIs

25
Q

How are fluoroquinolones taken?

A

Orally and parenterally

26
Q

How do fluoroquinolones attack DNA?

A

Directly

27
Q

What type of bacteria do fluoroquinolones work against?

A

Gram negative

28
Q

What type of bacteria is ciprofloxacin effective against?

A

Gram negative

29
Q

Who can’t get ciprofloxacin?

A

Children

30
Q

In some cases all strains can be naturally resistant to antibiotics. True or false?

A

True

31
Q

What is strep always resistant to?

A

Vancomycin

32
Q

What is required to test sensitivity?

A

Laboratory sensitivity testing.

33
Q

What is a spontaneous mutation?

A

Change in structure of function which no longer allows antibiotic to act.

34
Q

What is spread of resistance?

A

Gene for resistance spread from organism to organism or species to species. Can be carried on plasmids or transposons.

35
Q

What does widespread use of antibiotics cause?

A

Selective advantage

36
Q

What are beta-lactamases?

A

Bacterial enzymes which cleave the beta-lactam ring of the antibiotic and render it inactive.

37
Q

What hospital strains produce beta-lactamase?

A

Staph aureus

38
Q

What type of bacteria are beta-lactamase common in?

A

Gram-negative

39
Q

What are the two ways to combat beta-lactamase?

A

Introduce a second component to protect the antibiotic from enzyme degradation.
Modify antibiotic side chain to produce new antibiotic resistance.

40
Q

What produces extended spectrum beta-lactamase?

A

Gram negative organisms.

41
Q

What are some gram negative organisms becoming resistant to?

A

Carbapenems

42
Q

How do microorganisms develop resistance to beta-lactams?

A

Changing their structure of their penicillin binding proteins.

43
Q

What is the biggest case of PBP changing?

A

MRSA

44
Q

What does MRSA produce?

A

Beta-lactamase

45
Q

What is MRSA resistant to?

A

Penicillins

46
Q

What type of bacteria have become resistant to vancomycin?

A

Enterococci

47
Q

What happens in vancomycin resistant enterococci?

A

Peptidoglycan precursor which is normally bound to has an altered structure.

48
Q

What type of bacteria is rarely vancomycin resistant?

A

Gram positive

Principles of Disease (42 decks)

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