Principles of Immunisation Flashcards
What are the two modes of acquiring immunity?
Active
Passive
What can active and passive acquired immunisation be broken down to?
Natural
Artifical
In passive immunity, what are the 2 natural process?
Placental transfer of IgG
Colostral transfer of IgA
In passive immunity, what are the 2 artificial processes?
Treatment with immunoglobulin
Immune cells
What 4 diseases are affected by Human Normal Immunoglobulin (HNIG)?
Hep A
Measles
Polio
Rubella
What 4 diseases are affected by specific immunoglobulins?
Hep B
Rabies
Tetanus
Varicella-Zoster Virus
What is the advantage of passive immunity?
Gives immediate protection.
What are 3 disadvantages of passive immunity?
Short term effect
Serum sickness
Graft versus host disease
In active immunisation, what is the natural process?
Exposure/infection
In active immunisation, what is the artificial process?
Vaccination
What stimulates immune response in active immunisation?
Antigen
Define vaccination.
Administration of antigenic material to stimulate an individual’s immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen.
What are three common diseases which are vaccinated against?
Measles
Mumps
Rubella
What are the 2 temporary contraindications of vaccination?
Febrile Illness
Pregnancy
What are the 2 permanent contraindications of vaccination?
Allergy
Immunocompromised
What are vaccines designed to do?
Fool your body into thinking it has the disease you want to vaccinate against.
What do antigens stimulate?
The production of antibodies.
What do antibodies do?
Bind to the foreign organism and leads to the destruction.
What happens when a foreign organism is destructed?
Memory B cells are formed.
What are too dangerous to be used as vaccines?
Live, virulent organisms.
What is live attenuated vaccines?
Attenuation (weakening) of a pathogenic organism by repeated passage in cell-culture or a non-human host.
What is the downside to live, attenuated vaccines?
Possibility that an attenuated microbe could revert to a virulent form and cause disease.
Who cannot be given live, attenuated vaccines?
People who have damaged or weakened immune systems.
Which viruses can be made easily for live, attenuated vaccines?
MMR, BCG, Polio, Varicella and Yellow Fever.
How are inactivated vaccines produced?
Killing the disease-causing microbe with chemicals, heat or radiation.
What is the advantage of inactivated vaccines?
More stable and safer than live vaccines.
What is the disadvantage of inactivated vaccines?
Most stimulate a weaker immune system response than live vaccines.
How will a person’s immunity be maintained with an inactivated vaccine?
Several booster shots.
What are the 4 examples of inactivated vaccines?
Bubonic Plague
Typhoid
Hep A
Rabies
How are acellular vaccines used?
Use only the antigenic part of the disease causing organism.
What is the disadvantage of acellular vaccines?
Don’t induce the strongest immune responses and may require a booster.
What is the advantage of acellular vaccines?
Cannot cause disease so safe for immunocompromised patients.
When is a toxoid vaccine used?
When a bacterial toxin is the main cause of illness.
What are toxins inactivated by?
Treatment with formalin.
Where toxins are safe for use in vaccines?
“Detoxified”
What does the immune system do during toxoid vaccines?
It learns how to fight off the natural toxin by producing antibodies that lock onto and block the toxin.
What diseases are treated by toxoid vaccines?
Tetanus
What vaccines use related organisms?
BCG (vaccinated against Mycobacterium bovis to protect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis).
What is a subunit vaccine?
Includes only the antigens that best stimulate the immune system.
Chances of adverse reactions are high/low in subunit vaccine.
Low
How many antigens can a subunit vaccine carry?
Anywhere from 1 to 20.
What does a conjugate vaccine do?
Links antigens or toxoids from the microbe than an infant’s immune system can recognise to the polysaccharide outer coating.
What diseases does conjugate vaccines cover?
Hep B
Hib
Petussis
HPV
What do DNA vaccines use?
Genetic material
What do DNA vaccines evoke a strong antibody response to?
Free-floating antigens, secreted by cells.
DNA vaccines can/can not cause the disease.
Can not.
What diseases are DNA vaccines currently being tested on in humans?
Influenza
Herpes
Define adjuvants.
A substance which enhances the body’s immune response to an antigen.
What adjuvant is commonly used in humans?
Aluminium salts.
What is the primary aim of vaccination?
Protect the individual who receives the vaccination.
Who can herd immunity aid?
People who cannot get the vaccination for numerous reasons such as age, allergy, immunocompromised.
