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Principles of Disease > Chromosomes, Cell Division, Meiosis and Chromosome Abnormalities > Flashcards

Chromosomes, Cell Division, Meiosis and Chromosome Abnormalities Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 features of chromosome structure?

A

Telomere
Centromere
Heterochromatin/Euchromatin

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2
Q

DNA replication is symmetric/asymmetric?

A

Asymmetric.

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3
Q

What happens when DNA polymerase binds to the next Okazaki fragment on the lagging strand?

A

Bind fragments together with DNA ligase.

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4
Q

What is needed to start every replication including individual fragments?

A

RNA primer sequence.

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5
Q

What problem does RNA primer sequence have for the last part of DNA to be replicated?

A

End-replication problem. Can start to decay.

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6
Q

What can bind to the end of DNA to stop it’s problem?

A

Telomerase enzyme which adds DNA using an RNA template.

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7
Q

What are the 4 stages of cell cycle and division?

A

G1
S
G2
M

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8
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense
Nuclear membrane disappears
Spindle fibres form from centriole

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9
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes align at equator
Attach by fibre to centriole
Max condensation of chromosome

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10
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids separate longitudinally

Move to opposite ends of cell

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11
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

New nuclear membrane forms

Each cells contains 46 chromosomes

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12
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasm separates

Two new daughter cells.

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13
Q

What are centromeres the site of?

A

Kinetochore

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14
Q

What is a kinetochore?

A

Protein complex that binds to microtubules.

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15
Q

Heterochromatin are ______ genes and euchromatin are ______ genes.

A

Silenced

Active

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16
Q

What are the two types of tandemly repeated DNA sequences?

A

Satellite

Microsatellite

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of highly repeated interspersed DNA sequences?

A

SINE

LINE

18
Q

DNA is packaged with histone proteins to form what?

A

Chromatin

19
Q

What charge do DNA and histone proteins have?

A

DNA is negative and histone proteins are positive.

20
Q

What is a nucleosome?

A

DNA wrapped 2 around core of 8 histone proteins.

21
Q

How many nucleosomes are in each turn?

A

6

22
Q

What is the process of condensing chromatin?

A

Nucleosome
Chromatin fibre
Fibre-scaffold complex
Chromosome

23
Q

What are the 3 reasons for packaging DNA?

A

Uses less space
Neutralised DNA
Inactive DNA folded until required.

24
Q

What is the process of chromosome analysis?

A 
Blood 
Separate red cells
Incubate white cells
Add colchicine 
Separate white cells
Add hypotonic saline
Fix cells to spread
Stain
Photograph
Karyotype
25
Q

What is colchicine?

A

Microtubule inhibitor

26
Q

What are metacentric karyotypes?

A

Centromere very central

27
Q

What are submetacentric karyotypes?

A

Centromere less central

28
Q

What are acrocentric karyotypes?

A

Centromere no where near central.

29
Q

What does FISH stand for?

A

Fluorescent in situ hybridisation

30
Q

What are the 4 types of FISH probes?

A

Unique
Centromeric
Telomeric
Whole chromosome

31
Q

What does meiosis do to diploid cells?

A

Half them to haploid.

32
Q

What happens to chromosomes in meiosis?

A

Passed on as recombined copies creating genetic variation.

33
Q

How many cycles occur in one meiosis?

A

2

34
Q

What are the 4 steps of meiosis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

35
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Process of egg formation

36
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Process of sperm formation.

37
Q

When do sperm go through their 2nd meiosis cycle?

A

Puberty

38
Q

When do ovules go through their 2nd meiosis cycle?

A

Ovulation

39
Q

Where do mitochondria only come from?

A

Mother via egg.

40
Q

What is x-inactivation?

A

Random inactivation of one X chromosome in females.

Principles of Disease (42 decks)

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