Imaging in Cancer

Question 1

What are the 5 types of imaging used for cancer?

Answer 1

Radiographs
Barium studies
CT
MRI
PET

Question 2

What are the 2 types of conventional diagnostic modalities?

Answer 2

Endoscopy/Biopsy

Barium examinations

Question 3

What is barium sulphate used for?

Answer 3

Outlining the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 4

Why does barium absorb more x-ray photos than surrounding tissues?

Answer 4

High atomic number

Question 5

Where would you find barium in a barium swallow and meal?

Answer 5

Oesophagus, stomach and duodenum

Question 6

Where would you find barium in a barium follow-through?

Answer 6

Small bowel

Question 7

Where would you find barium in a barium enema?

Answer 7

Large bowel

Question 8

How much radiation is absorbed in a barium meal?

Answer 8

1.5mSv

Question 9

How much radiation is absorbed in a barium enema?

Answer 9

7mSV

Question 10

What 5 reasons would you use cross sectional imaging?

Answer 10

Initial diagnosis/staging
Response to treatment
Residual mass 
Complications of treatment
Concern for disease relapse.

Question 11

How does a CT scan work?

Answer 11

X-rays produce a digital image of a slide of tissue using computing to create the image.

Question 12

What formula is used to make an image in CT scans?

Answer 12

Hounsfield’s CT formulation

Question 13

What is a Houndsfield unit?

Answer 13

Attenuation values of voxels expressed as a CT number relating to that value to that of water.

Question 14

What is the difference between in a pixel and a voxel?

Answer 14

Pixel - 2D

Voxel - 3D

Question 15

What imaging is used for brain cancer?

Answer 15

CT MRI

Question 16

What imaging is used for lung cancer?

Answer 16

CT PET

Question 17

What imaging is used for pancreas cancer?

Answer 17

CT

Question 18

What imaging is used for prostate cancer?

Answer 18

MRI CT

Question 19

What imaging is used for ovary cancer?

Answer 19

CT MRI

Question 20

What imaging is used for Lymphoma CNS?

Answer 20

MRI

Question 21

What 2 things must you look at for staging a cancer?

Answer 21

Local spread

Distant spread

Question 22

What can CT imaging be used for?

Answer 22

Monitoring disease and response to treatment.

Question 23

What is the radiation dose of the chest in a CT scan?

Answer 23

8mSv

Question 24

What is the radiation dose of the abdomen in a CT scan?

Answer 24

10mSv

Question 25

What is the radiation dose of the pelvis in a CT scan?

Answer 25

10mSv

Question 26

What does ALARA stand for?

Answer 26

``` As Low As Reasonably Acheivable ```

Question 27

What is taken into consideration for ALARA?

Answer 27

Is examination necessary? Need clinical information Avoid repeated examinations

Question 28

What do strong magnetic fields do to protons?

Answer 28

Align them in the body in one direction.

Question 29

How do MRI scans work?

Answer 29

Radiofrequency pulse displaces protons and images are created by displaying time taken for protons to relax.

Question 30

What 5 things can be looked at in MRI scans?

Answer 30

``` Bone soft tissue Vessels Brain, spine Abdomen and pelvis Cardiac imaging ```

Question 31

What are the negatives of MRI?

Answer 31

Claustrophobic Noisy Motion artefact

Question 32

What is used to allow vascular lesions and some tumours to be seen better in MRI scanning?

Answer 32

Gadolinium DTPA

Question 33

What 3 screening programmes do the NHS provide?

Answer 33

Breast Bowel Cervix

Question 34

What are the 6 WHO conditions for screening?

Answer 34

``` Important health problem Latent stage Test/examination Acceptable to population Should be treatment for condition Facilities must be available ```

Question 35

What type of screening is used for breast cancer?

Answer 35

NHS BSP

Question 36

What type of screening is used for ovarian screening?

Answer 36

TVUS

Question 37

What type of screening is used for lung cancer screening?

Answer 37

Spiral CT

Question 38

Test should detect disease at an ______ stage where treatment can alter the outcome.

Answer 38

Early

Question 39

Test should cause no ______.

Answer 39

Harm

Question 40

Test should have high ______ and ______.S

Answer 40

Sensitivity, specificity

Question 41

Test should be ______ to the individual and the population.

Answer 41

Beneficial.

Question 42

Benefits should outweigh the ______.

Answer 42

Costs.