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Principles of Disease > Imaging in Cancer > Flashcards

Imaging in Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 types of imaging used for cancer?

A 
Radiographs
Barium studies
CT
MRI
PET
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2
Q

What are the 2 types of conventional diagnostic modalities?

A

Endoscopy/Biopsy

Barium examinations

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3
Q

What is barium sulphate used for?

A

Outlining the gastrointestinal tract.

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4
Q

Why does barium absorb more x-ray photos than surrounding tissues?

A

High atomic number

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5
Q

Where would you find barium in a barium swallow and meal?

A

Oesophagus, stomach and duodenum

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6
Q

Where would you find barium in a barium follow-through?

A

Small bowel

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7
Q

Where would you find barium in a barium enema?

A

Large bowel

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8
Q

How much radiation is absorbed in a barium meal?

A

1.5mSv

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9
Q

How much radiation is absorbed in a barium enema?

A

7mSV

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10
Q

What 5 reasons would you use cross sectional imaging?

A 
Initial diagnosis/staging
Response to treatment
Residual mass 
Complications of treatment
Concern for disease relapse.
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11
Q

How does a CT scan work?

A

X-rays produce a digital image of a slide of tissue using computing to create the image.

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12
Q

What formula is used to make an image in CT scans?

A

Hounsfield’s CT formulation

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13
Q

What is a Houndsfield unit?

A

Attenuation values of voxels expressed as a CT number relating to that value to that of water.

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14
Q

What is the difference between in a pixel and a voxel?

A

Pixel - 2D

Voxel - 3D

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15
Q

What imaging is used for brain cancer?

A

CT MRI

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16
Q

What imaging is used for lung cancer?

A

CT PET

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17
Q

What imaging is used for pancreas cancer?

A

CT

18
Q

What imaging is used for prostate cancer?

A

MRI CT

19
Q

What imaging is used for ovary cancer?

A

CT MRI

20
Q

What imaging is used for Lymphoma CNS?

A

MRI

21
Q

What 2 things must you look at for staging a cancer?

A

Local spread

Distant spread

22
Q

What can CT imaging be used for?

A

Monitoring disease and response to treatment.

23
Q

What is the radiation dose of the chest in a CT scan?

A

8mSv

24
Q

What is the radiation dose of the abdomen in a CT scan?

A

10mSv

25
Q

What is the radiation dose of the pelvis in a CT scan?

A

10mSv

26
Q

What does ALARA stand for?

A 
As
Low
As
Reasonably
Acheivable
27
Q

What is taken into consideration for ALARA?

A

Is examination necessary?
Need clinical information
Avoid repeated examinations

28
Q

What do strong magnetic fields do to protons?

A

Align them in the body in one direction.

29
Q

How do MRI scans work?

A

Radiofrequency pulse displaces protons and images are created by displaying time taken for protons to relax.

30
Q

What 5 things can be looked at in MRI scans?

A 
Bone soft tissue
Vessels
Brain, spine
Abdomen and pelvis
Cardiac imaging
31
Q

What are the negatives of MRI?

A

Claustrophobic
Noisy
Motion artefact

32
Q

What is used to allow vascular lesions and some tumours to be seen better in MRI scanning?

A

Gadolinium DTPA

33
Q

What 3 screening programmes do the NHS provide?

A

Breast
Bowel
Cervix

34
Q

What are the 6 WHO conditions for screening?

A 
Important health problem
Latent stage
Test/examination
Acceptable to population
Should be treatment for condition
Facilities must be available
35
Q

What type of screening is used for breast cancer?

A

NHS BSP

36
Q

What type of screening is used for ovarian screening?

A

TVUS

37
Q

What type of screening is used for lung cancer screening?

A

Spiral CT

38
Q

Test should detect disease at an ______ stage where treatment can alter the outcome.

A

Early

39
Q

Test should cause no ______.

A

Harm

40
Q

Test should have high ______ and ______.S

A

Sensitivity, specificity

41
Q

Test should be ______ to the individual and the population.

A

Beneficial.

42
Q

Benefits should outweigh the ______.

A

Costs.

Principles of Disease (42 decks)

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