Imaging in Cancer Flashcards
What are the 5 types of imaging used for cancer?
Radiographs Barium studies CT MRI PET
What are the 2 types of conventional diagnostic modalities?
Endoscopy/Biopsy
Barium examinations
What is barium sulphate used for?
Outlining the gastrointestinal tract.
Why does barium absorb more x-ray photos than surrounding tissues?
High atomic number
Where would you find barium in a barium swallow and meal?
Oesophagus, stomach and duodenum
Where would you find barium in a barium follow-through?
Small bowel
Where would you find barium in a barium enema?
Large bowel
How much radiation is absorbed in a barium meal?
1.5mSv
How much radiation is absorbed in a barium enema?
7mSV
What 5 reasons would you use cross sectional imaging?
Initial diagnosis/staging Response to treatment Residual mass Complications of treatment Concern for disease relapse.
How does a CT scan work?
X-rays produce a digital image of a slide of tissue using computing to create the image.
What formula is used to make an image in CT scans?
Hounsfield’s CT formulation
What is a Houndsfield unit?
Attenuation values of voxels expressed as a CT number relating to that value to that of water.
What is the difference between in a pixel and a voxel?
Pixel - 2D
Voxel - 3D
What imaging is used for brain cancer?
CT MRI
What imaging is used for lung cancer?
CT PET
What imaging is used for pancreas cancer?
CT
What imaging is used for prostate cancer?
MRI CT
What imaging is used for ovary cancer?
CT MRI
What imaging is used for Lymphoma CNS?
MRI
What 2 things must you look at for staging a cancer?
Local spread
Distant spread
What can CT imaging be used for?
Monitoring disease and response to treatment.
What is the radiation dose of the chest in a CT scan?
8mSv
What is the radiation dose of the abdomen in a CT scan?
10mSv
What is the radiation dose of the pelvis in a CT scan?
10mSv
What does ALARA stand for?
As Low As Reasonably Acheivable
What is taken into consideration for ALARA?
Is examination necessary?
Need clinical information
Avoid repeated examinations
What do strong magnetic fields do to protons?
Align them in the body in one direction.
How do MRI scans work?
Radiofrequency pulse displaces protons and images are created by displaying time taken for protons to relax.
What 5 things can be looked at in MRI scans?
Bone soft tissue Vessels Brain, spine Abdomen and pelvis Cardiac imaging
What are the negatives of MRI?
Claustrophobic
Noisy
Motion artefact
What is used to allow vascular lesions and some tumours to be seen better in MRI scanning?
Gadolinium DTPA
What 3 screening programmes do the NHS provide?
Breast
Bowel
Cervix
What are the 6 WHO conditions for screening?
Important health problem Latent stage Test/examination Acceptable to population Should be treatment for condition Facilities must be available
What type of screening is used for breast cancer?
NHS BSP
What type of screening is used for ovarian screening?
TVUS
What type of screening is used for lung cancer screening?
Spiral CT
Test should detect disease at an ______ stage where treatment can alter the outcome.
Early
Test should cause no ______.
Harm
Test should have high ______ and ______.S
Sensitivity, specificity
Test should be ______ to the individual and the population.
Beneficial.
Benefits should outweigh the ______.
Costs.
