Drug Absorption

Question 1

What are the 4 jobs of a doctor?

Answer 1

Curing patients
Harming patients
Hospitalization
Death

Question 2

What is pharmaceutical process?

Answer 2

Getting the drug into the patient.

Question 3

What is the pharmacokinetic process?

Answer 3

Getting the drug to the site of action.

Question 4

What is the pharmacodynamic process?

Answer 4

Producing the correct pharmacological effect.

Question 5

What is the therapeutic process?

Answer 5

Producing the correct therapeutic effect.

Question 6

What are the 4 basic factors that determine drug pharmacokinetics? ADME

Answer 6

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Elimination

Question 7

What 5 things does ADME help us understand?

Answer 7

Dosage
Drug administration
Drug handling
Patient variability 
Potential for harm

Question 8

Define absorption.

Answer 8

The process of movement of unchanged drug from the site of administration to the systemic circulation.

Question 9

What is there always a correlation between plasma concentration and?

Answer 9

Therapeutic Response

Question 10

What are the 2 important issues of oral absorption?

Answer 10

Amount of drug which enters the systemic circulation.

Speed at which this happens.

Question 11

The more rapid the rate of absorption, the ______ the drug concentration peak.

Answer 11

Earlier

Question 12

Increasing dose does/does not affect the time at which peak concentration is reached but does/ does not increase the peak concentration.

Answer 12

Does not

Does

Question 13

The area under the drug concentration-time curve represents the amount of drug which reaches the ______ circulation.

Answer 13

Systemic

Question 14

What is therapeutic range?

Answer 14

The range of concentrations a drug is active at.

Question 15

What happens if the concentration of drug is greater than the therapeutic range?

Answer 15

Toxicity

Question 16

What happens if the concentration of drug is lower than the therapeutic range?

Answer 16

Insufficient or no pharmacological action.

Question 17

What is the therapeutic index?

Answer 17

Measure of the range at which a drug is safe and active.

Question 18

What does AUC allow to be measured?

Answer 18

Estimate the amount of drug which reaches the circulation and which is available for action.

Question 19

A drug given intravenously has ___% bioavailability.

Answer 19

100

Question 20

What are the 4 factors affecting bioavailability?

Answer 20

Formulation
Ability to pass physiological barriers
GI effects
First pass metabolism

Question 21

What are the different types of physiological barriers?

Answer 21

Passive diffusion
Filtration
Bulk flow
Active transport

Question 22

Are drugs mainly strong or weak acids/bases?

Answer 22

Weak

Question 23

Does ionised or unionised drug pass through the membrane?

Answer 23

Unionised

Question 24

An acidic drug will be more concentrated in the compartment with high pH. What is this called?

Answer 24

Ion trapping

Question 25

The relationship between the local pH and the degree of ionisation is described by?

Answer 25

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.

Question 26

Where SHOULD aspirin be more easily absorbed?

Answer 26

The stomach

Question 27

Where is aspirin more easily absorbed and why?

Answer 27

Small intestine due to the available gut surface.

Question 28

What 2 things must a drug be to pass across a lipid layer?

Answer 28

In solution | Lipid soluble

Question 29

What is the lipid-water partition coefficient?

Answer 29

Ratio of the amount of a drug which dissolves in the lipid and water phase when they are in contact.

Question 30

A drug that is highly lipid soluble will diffuse slowly/rapidly across a cell membrane.

Answer 30

Rapidly

Question 31

``` Which of these are true: Passive diffusion: Is common Occurs along conc. gradient Selective Saturable Requires energy No carrier ```

Answer 31

Common Occurs along concentration gradient No carrier

Question 32

``` Which of these are true: Active absorption: Is common Occurs against concentration gradient Requires carrier Doesn't require energy Not specific Saturable ```

Answer 32

Occurs against concentration gradient Requires carrier Saturable

Question 33

What 4 elements are associated with active absorption?

Answer 33

Iron Potassium Sodium Calcium

Question 34

What must drugs resemble to undergo active transport?

Answer 34

Naturally occurring compounds.

Question 35

``` Which of these are true: Facilitated diffusion: Occurs against the concentration gradient Requires carriers Saturable Not specific No energy required ```

Answer 35

Requires carriers Saturable No energy required

Question 36

What size and weight must molecules be to undergo filtration?

Answer 36

Smaller than the diameter of the pore with a molecular weight of 100 or less.

Question 37

What drives filtration?

Answer 37

Hydrostatic/Osmotic pressure

Question 38

What are the 3 GI factors?

Answer 38

Motility Food Illness

Question 39

What is first pass metabolism?

Answer 39

Metabolism of drug prior to reaching systemic circulation.

Question 40

Where are 3 examples of places where first pass metabolism occurs?

Answer 40

Gut lumen Gut wall Liver

Question 41

What can intramuscular routes change?

Answer 41

Rate of absorption with different physical properties of formulation.

Question 42

What does intramuscular route avoid?

Answer 42

First pass metabolism

Question 43

How do sublingual/buccal drugs get given?

Answer 43

Straight into the circulation.

Question 44

Why are rectum drugs often given?

Answer 44

To stop irritation of stomach.

Question 45

What type of process is best for volatile agents?

Answer 45

Inhalation/nasal

Question 46

What do transdermal drugs need to be?

Answer 46

Non-irritant.

Question 47

What are the 5 considerations for mode of administration?

Answer 47

``` Site of drug Disease affects Patients ability Speed of action Reliability of absorption ```