Acute Inflammation

Question 1

What is acute inflammation? 1

Answer 1

Fundamental response maintaining integrity of organism.

Question 2

What is acute inflammation? 2

Answer 2

Series of protective changes occurring in living tissue as a response to injury.

Question 3

What would rubor show?

Answer 3

Redness

Question 4

What would a calor show?

Answer 4

Heat

Question 5

What would a tumour show?

Answer 5

Swelling

Question 6

What would a dolor show?

Answer 6

Pain

Question 7

What is the 5th cardinal sign of inflammation?

Answer 7

Loss of function

Question 8

What are the aetiologies of acute inflammation?

Answer 8

Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites.
Mechanical such as injury to tissue (even sterile).
Chemical
Physical such as heat, cold or ionising radiation.
Dead tissue
Hypersensitivity

Question 9

What is the process of acute inflammation?

Answer 9

Series of microscopic events
Localised to affected tissue
Take place in the microcirculation
Result in the cardinal signs.

Question 10

What is microcirculation?

Answer 10

Circulation of blood in the smallest blood vessels.

Question 11

What is the make up of the microcirculation?

Answer 11

Capillary beds which are fed by arterioles and drained by venules. Has extracellular space, fluid and molecules within in.

Question 12

What controls the fluid flux across the membrane in microcirculation?

Answer 12

Startling forces.

Question 13

How is the dynamic balance kept constant?

Answer 13

Hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures.

Constants.

Question 14

What is the pathogenesis of acute inflammation?

Answer 14

Changes in vessel radius (flow).
Change in the permeability of the vessel wall (exudation).
Movement of neutrophils from the vessel to the extravascular space.

Question 15

In what 3 ways are local changes in vessel radius done?

Answer 15

Transient arteriolar constriction.
Local arteriolar dilation.
Relaxation of vessel smooth muscle.

Question 16

Why would you want to increase the blood flow?

Answer 16

Increased local tissue blood flow.

Question 17

What are the effects of increased permeability?

Answer 17

Net movement of plasma from capillaries to extravascular space.

Question 18

What is an exudate?

Answer 18

Fluid rich in protein which is leaked during increased permeability.

Question 19

What does exudation cause?

Answer 19

Oedema.

Question 20

What does fluid loss cause?

Answer 20

Increase viscosity.

Question 21

What is the process of flow in inflammation?

Answer 21

Neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocyte is the most important cell.
There is a loss of normal laminar flow.
Red cells aggregate in centre of lumen.
Neutrophils found near endothelium.

Question 22

Define margination.

Answer 22

Neutrophils move to endothelial aspect of lumen.

Question 23

Define pavementing.

Answer 23

Neutrophils adhere to endothelium.

Question 24

Define emigration.

Answer 24

Neutrophils squeeze between endothelial cells to extravascular tissues.

Question 25

What is the process of the resolution of acute inflammation?

Answer 25

Inciting agent isolated and destroyed.
Macrophages move in then leave.
Epithelial surfaces regenerate.
Inflammatory exudate filters away.
Vascular changes return to normal.
Inflammation resolves

Question 26

What are the 5 benefits of acute inflammation?

Answer 26

Rapid response to nonspecific insult.
Cardinal signs
Neutrophils aid macrophages
Plasma proteins localise process
Resolution, turn to normal.