Tensions over resources + Arctic CS - SUPERPOWERS

Question 1

Sphere of influence definition

Answer 1

Region over which a group of institutions has power, which is separate from whoever is traditionally in control. For ex The USAs military influence

Question 2

Name the 7 examples for tensions and conflict between national powers (with examples).

Answer 2

1. Water resources - Egypt/ Ethiopia
2. Intellectual property (counterfeiting tech/ control of TNCs/ fraud) - China/ EU
3. Energy resources - Russia/ Canada
4. Territory (historical ties, cultural ties and geopolitical reasons) - Russia/ Ukraine
5. Access to trade/ transport (Shipping routes /ports/ free trade agreements) - Russia/Ukraine
6. Economic
7. Politics - ideology differences

Question 3

Examples of Natural resources

Answer 3

Oil fossil fuels, precious metal and fishing

Question 4

What is UNCLOS?

Answer 4

• Stands for oceans and law of the sea/ UN
• It is an agreement that states that every nation is entitled to 200 nautical miles

Question 5

Problems with UNCLOS?

Answer 5

• Borders overlap
• Borders are undefined so can be crossed by other nations with no action to prevent
• Some countries do not have/ lack a coastline

Question 6

Why are there tensions over natural resources?

Answer 6

• Due to rise in demand
• They are running out

Question 7

Why the Arctic is of interest and its current conflict

Answer 7

• Ice melting opens up trade routes
• Military actions
• Denmark, russia, Canada, Norway and the US have all claimed the Arctic
• They all claim part of the Arctic due to UNCLOS agreement so they have a physical presence
• The Arctic contains 1/4 of the worlds natural resources such as Arcticoil and gas which exis under the Arctic Ocean

Question 8

Timeline for the Arctic

Answer 8

-2002 Canada- military exercises
-2003 Norway - building Artic frigates (warship)
-2007 Russia planned route for bomber planes ( check )
- 2009 - USA - Published pls for arctic military command ( check)
-2012 - Chinese where the first to navigate the northern sea route
- 2018 - NATO commands Arctic war games with 50,000 troops form 31 nations in Norway

Question 9

How the Artic influence impacts power and the status of different parties involved (2)

Answer 9

• Denmark - Greenland addition
• China - Economic, trade routes (by carving through ice) , nautical tech

Question 10

Factors that affect different countries influence over areas?

Answer 10

• Power
• Distance
• Military presence
• Economic influence
• Russian control - 51%
• Political tensions
• Higher demand for energy/ oil
• Environmental concerns