EQ2 - Nation States - MIGRATION Flashcards
Nation states
Single political entities with centralised power and sovereignty over territory, contained with clear borders and can vary based on history, migration,isolation ( Iceland - homogenous, Singapore -diverse ) but some are not recognised such as Taiwan or Israel.
Ethnic variation can vary due to :
- past population growth
- physical / political geo
- economic contribution of migrants
CASE STUDY - Ethnic variation - Singapore
Political geography:
Gained independence in 1965
High-skilled migration in Singapore is managed through the issuance of the Employment Pass (EP) that allows foreigners with a job offer with a monthly salary of at least S$5,000 to work in Singapore.
Demographic growth:
Multicultural population- 74% Chinese, 13% Malaysian and 9% Indian.
Mixed language ( No Singaporean language, the language hasn’t changed since 800D so it has a mix of languages such as mandarin, english etc) ,food, culture,religion, festivals and food.
Population of 5.5 million.
Economic contribution of migrants:
Members of the Singapore olympic table tennis team were deliberately poached from China by the Singaporean government in its bid to attract foreign talent and have become Singaporean citizens 3 yrs previously.
38% labour force- 1.4 million, mostly work in infrastructure construction, ship repair, etc
Physical geography:
Different areas of Malaysia- Chinatown, Little India, Kampong Glam
Situated on the Malaysian peninsula/ shared island with Malaysia.
Singapore is situated near the equator and has a typically tropical climate, with abundant rainfall, high and uniform temperatures, and high humidity all year round.
CASE STUDY - Ethnic variation - Iceland
Demographic:
Until relatively recently, the population of Iceland was nearly 100% ethnically homogenous.However, due to increased immigration over the past several decades, the country has become more ethnically diverse.
Today, about 93% of the population of Iceland is made up of ethnic Icelanders.(Ethnic Icelanders are a mix of Vikings and Celts.)
Iceland has a relatively small population of 372,520(2021)
The icelandic language has remained unchanged since the 870s AD although German and English are widely spoken
Physical Geography:
Iceland is located between the Greenland Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean.
Iceland has a coastline marked with fjords which are deep inlets carved by glaciers it also has mountain peaks and ice fields
Iceland is isolated from other islands/mainland continents
Political Geography:
governance-Iceland is a constitutional republic with a multi-party system.
Iceland is arguably the world’s oldest parliamentary democracy with the parliament established in 930
All children’s names must come from an approved list to preserve the language of icelandic sagas
Economic contribution of migrants
1/5th of the icelandic work force are made of immigrants
Borders around the world - either natural or historical risen over time
Physical geo / historical development
- France - alps and Peres
- US + Mexico - river grande
- UK and France - middle of English Channel
Colonial history / dont consider religious group into consideration ( areas turned into colonie due to major European powers such as Africa)
- centra africa
- Syria and Iraq
- Mali in west Africa
- Egypt and Sudan - straight line drawn in 1899
Natural borders - physical features that created natural obstacles such as rivers, lakes and mountains ( Canada river, France and Spain mountains)
CASE STUDY EX- Conflict caused by borders that dont take ethnic groups into account - RWANDA
- Gained independence in 1962 ( used to be a unified region)
- Two parties were against each other Hutu and the Tutsis and led to many deaths
- The Hutus (considered minority) were favored and given preferential jobs
- Belgium and Germany war with Germany defeat mean that Belgium favored the Hutus (85%) over Tutsis (14% of population) and even introduced ethnic cards to differentiate
- Death of president in 1994 led to the death of 80,000 Tutsis with the rest fled and set up a government in Zaire with the Un security establishing an international to oversee persecution of suspension in Rwanda genocide
Why have border conflicts arisen?
- independence form counties means that they have less access to trade, natural resource and sectors like technology
Case Studies for border conflicts
- Taiwan (Political+ historical )
- Russia/ Ukraine/ Crimea ( Political)
- Kashmir (Cultural)
- Syria/ Iraq ( Historical)
Taiwan - political/ historical border conflict CASE STUDY
Historical
- communist victory in mainland china with 2 million Chinese nationalist fled here and established a government of their own
- once a part of China
Political
- not part of the UN
- claimed independence in 1950 but yet china do not agree
- Rebel region to China
- Democratic self governing nation
- Tug of war between USA and China as 2 largest superpowers
- Taiwan is Asia’s supplier in semiconductors and tech
Physical
- situated in the south china sea, so China regards it as theirs
Cultural
- Partition between nationalist and communists
- more freedom for Taiwanese than china
- Celebrate Chinese new year
- 73% Taiwan mandarin
Current
- US - strategic ambiguity policy but leaning Taiwanese independence
- Americans political visited and china performed military actions circling Taiwan to show dominance, with quantity of fighter jets increases
- 260 k in navy and 4,800 tanks
Kashmir- cultural border conflict CASE STUDY
Historical
- majority Muslim but monarch was Hindu
- partition of India in 1947 between Pakistan
- Kashmir joined India for the exchange of help - hard power
- lead to war in 1997 - indo-pakistan war
- worlds most disputed area
Political
- India sees Kashmir as a specials position and will not allow independence
- telephone and internet lines cut in order to threaten Kashmir due to the conflict
- as a result pakistan downgraded diplomatic ties and suspended trade
- kashmir became battle ground between paksitan and india
Physical
- within India + Pakistan
-borderline next to china
- line of agreement shows military control line
- geo strategic - most strategic places- India, Pakistan n china
Cultural
- mix of Muslim and Hindi
Current
- Continuous conflict today
- china objected reorgansiation and accused deli of undermining soverighnty
Syria + Iraq - historical border conflict CASE STUDY
Historical
- present from is due to agreement to dismember the ottman empire eith british and french sphere if influence after ww1
Political
- the UN security council - primarily us and russia- is involved, condstuing strike against extremst groups
Physical
- conflict due to syria - pilot line, a border between french occupations an UKs control in middle east
- both are neighbor’s
Cultural
- shias and sunnis population divided across this line and extremist groups incited conflict between social groups
- largely arab muslsim so similar cultures
Current
Russia+ Ukraine/Crimea - political border conflict CASE STUDY
Historical
- Crimea was apart of Russia until 1964 until it transferred to Ukraine
Political
- EU has responded but no plans to send troops despite war
- Russians invasions has potential to clash nuclear worlds powers
- Russian forces seized control of Crimea leaving 850,000 to flee
- the separation from Ukraine causes Russia’s power to decrease, Russia’s keen to preserve its political influence
Physical
- located between eastern Europe + Russia
- access to natural resources
- rely on Russians pipelines to pump gas to customers and volumes may reduce due to the separation
Cultural
- Part of European + Russian culture
- 38% of Ukrainian vocab is different to Russia
- 8 million ethnic Russian livening in Ukraine as of 2001 so they vow to protect their region
Current
- Pipelines of gas through Ukraine were greatly reduced in 2023
- Russia pressurizing Ukraine to join EAU instead of EU
Nationalism
Nationalists tend to promote their country to defend and extend their boundaries
EX - French revolution which removed French monarchy power and allowed a new national government to emerge and therefore a new national identity
Why people may feel threatened by nationalism ?
- can boost patriotism through military victories but may provoke anger in areas and lead to nationalism in other countries which is sought as revenge for the expansion ideology
- nationalism grew beyond Europe and led to major Europe antions extending overseas
- local resistance began to arise in 1900s with independence from Spain + Portugal
CASE STUDY - British empire
- diffused the English language an British law,customs and sports on a global scale
- 1500 - 1950 - imperial era , which was dominated by empires
- wealth and power from growing empires Britain overtook Spain + France as superpowers which created rivalries
- internal tensions in India lead the British to take full control
- In 19th century, parts of the empire became dominations or lead by governments, leading to the decline of the empire
- By 1960, most British territories become independent countries
