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Disturbances in Reproduction > Swine 4 > Flashcards

Swine 4 Flashcards

1
Q

In order for pregnancy maintenance, there should be a minimum amount of embryos where? By what day?

A

Minimum of 4 embryos - 2 in each horn at day 12

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2
Q

_______ at any time will terminate pregnancy.

A

Luteolysis

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3
Q

Define non-productive days.

A

Every day a female is not gestating or lactating

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4
Q

When is the first opportunity to confirm pregnancy? How is it done?

A

18-24 days after mating when they should return to estrus. A boar is used for good estrus detection (it is a necessity)

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5
Q

When can you use rectal palpation to diagnose pregnancy? What will you feel?

A

In sows only 35+ days after mating

You will feel fremitus in the uterine artery

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6
Q

When can you use doppler ultrasound to detect pregnancy? What will you hear?

A

> 30 days after mating - you will hear pulsing in the arteries

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7
Q

What does amplitude-depth (a-mode) ultrasound detect? When can it detect pregnancy?

A

It detects fluid (beware of bladder) >30 days after mating

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8
Q

When can you detect pregnancy via rectal real-time (B-mode) ultrasound? Cutaneous?

A

Rectal - >16 days
Cutaneous - >22 days
Visualize uterus

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9
Q

When is the ideal timing post-breeding for ultrasound detection?

A

28-35 days post-breeding

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10
Q

What are the ultimate goals of gestation housing?

A 
Protection from the environment
Protection from other sows
Feed level control
Maintain pregnancy and well-being
Safe and enjoyable workplace
Robust system to avoid management errors
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11
Q

True or False: There is one design that fits all operations.

A

False - there is no one design that fits all operations; it is dependent on the facilities, expertise of the staff, and cost

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12
Q

What are the options for group sow housing?

A

Free-access pens
Electronic sow feeding
Group housing with drop feeding

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13
Q

What are the advantages to the electronic sow feeding configuration?

A

Individual sow feeding in group housing environment

Track feed consumption to determine overall health

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14
Q

What are the disadvantages to the electronic sow feeding configuration?

A

Cost, technology, and still can have group hierarchy issues

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15
Q

What are the universal questions to ask when deciding on group sow housing?

A

How much space do they need?
When should we move them into groups?
How do I feed them to ensure consistent body condition?

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16
Q

What does current literature suggest the space allowance for each show should be?

A

15 to 50 feet squared feet

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17
Q

What are the EU guidelines for space allowance for gilts?

A

17 feet squared

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18
Q

What are the EU guidelines for space allowance for sows?

A

24 feed squared

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19
Q

How long are bred females allowed to be in stalls according to EU regulations?

A

until 28 days gestation

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20
Q

When should you not move animals post breeding?

A

10-30 days post-breeding

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21
Q

The shorter/longer you wait to mix sows together post-breeding, the better their conception rate.

A

longer

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22
Q

How do most producers determine body condition?

A

palpation of hip bones

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23
Q

What does a heavy sow feel like on hip bone palpation? What is the feeding suggestion?

A

Can’t feel the hip bones even with hard pressure

Reduce the feed by 1 lb

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24
Q

What does an ideal sow feel like on hip bone palpation? What is the feeding suggestion?

A

Can feel the hip bones with firm pressure - leave the feed where it is

25
Q

What does a thin sow feel like on hip bone palpation? What is the feeding suggestion?

A 
Can feel the hip bones without pressure
Add feed (1-2 lbs)
26
Q

What, in regards to feeding, costs more money and reduces pigs born alive?

A

Adding more feed late in gestation

27
Q

What are some consequences of a sow being too heavy at farrowing?

A

Difficulty farrowing (increase in stillborns and more manual assistance needed), poor feed intake in lactation, poor milking and subsequent diarrhea challenges in piglets

28
Q

Why is induction of farrowing something that producers want to do?

A

Because bred females have a wide length of gestation days and times that they can farrow and they want to be present at farrowing to reduce stillborns, help dry pigs off, and ensure they get colostrum

29
Q

Normally, how often are pigs delivered?

A

every 12-15 minutes

30
Q

When should you intervene with manual assistance of parturition?

A

If the interval between pigs reaches 30-40 minutes

31
Q

What management tasks need to be done to sows during gestation?

A

Ensure that sow vaccinations are performed
De-worm sows and treat for mange
Wash sows and farrowing crate to decrease infective pressure on pigs

32
Q

What are most farrowing house diarrhea outbreaks exacerbated by?

A

poor hygiene

33
Q

What are signs of an imminent farrowing?

A

A firm, swollen udder; milk can be expressed
Presence of abdominal contractions
Tail twitching

34
Q

When do pinhead-sized drops of milk begin to drop before farrowing?

A

3-5 days before farrowing

35
Q

When does milk squirt prior to farrowing?

A

Milk squirts when likely to farrow within 8 hours

36
Q

When do abdominal contractions occur prior to the first pig being delivered?

A

15 minutes to 10 hours before the first pig is delivered

37
Q

When does tail twitching occur prior to delivery of the first pig?

A

Within 2 hours of delivery

38
Q

What is the normal duration of farrowing?

A

1.5 to 4.5 hours

39
Q

What is a normal presentation of a piglet during farrowing?

A

Present nose first or hindlegs first

40
Q

True or False: The umbilical cord should stay intact at birth.

A

true

41
Q

If the umbilical cord is broken, how many inches should it be done from the pig?

A

4-6 inches from the pig to reduce risk of umbilical infection

42
Q

When should the placenta be expelled?

A

Partially during parturition and should be complete by 4-8 hours after delivery of the last pig

43
Q

When may a problem exist if the placenta expulsion is not complete?

A

by 12 hours

44
Q

What are some signs of difficult farrowing?

A

Sow in labor but no pig is delivered in 45 minutes
All piglets are dry but sow not likely to be finished
Sow is obviously distressed
Foul smelling discharge and/or decaying afterbirth

45
Q

What is the protocol for farrowing intervention?

A

Wash, glove, and lubricate your hand.
If no obstruction is felt, wait 10 minutes and insert your hand to induce a natural oxytocin release.
If no more pigs are delivered then insert gloved hand and lubricated arm for deep examination
If no pigs are found obstructing the birth canal, inject 10 IU of oxytocin
At the termination of farrowing, you may inject 10 more units to get rid of uterine debris

46
Q

When is injecting prostaglandin post-farrowing indicated?

A

If it has been 24 hours and the placenta has not been observed

47
Q

Early-weaned pigs are presumed to have a ______ health status, but have been found to ____ ______ as well once they are weaned.

A

higher; not perform

48
Q

Short lactations are associated with _______ litter size on an individual sow level.

A

decreased

49
Q

When individual sow output (efficiency) may be reduced, the output of the facility may be ______ (throughput).

A

increased

50
Q

How does length of lactation correlate with farrowing rate?

A

The longer they lactate, the better their farrowing rate is the next time they are bred

51
Q

How does length of lactation correlate with the size of their next litter?

A

The longer they lactate, the better their next litter size is

52
Q

What is the optimum weaning age of piglets?

A

3 weeks - 21 days

53
Q

How does length of lactation correlate with growth performance of the piglets?

A

The longer they lactate, the heavier the pigs will be when they are weaned and the better they will perform (faster growth) in the growing phase

54
Q

How does length of lactation correlate with survivability of the piglets?

A

the longer they lactate, the heavier the pigs will be when they are weaned and they have better survivability

55
Q

What age of weaning is suggested when the healthy pigs are in smaller facilities with few pigs around them?

A

20-22 days of age

56
Q

What age of weaning is suggested when the healthy pigs are going to dense, endemic diseased areas with large continuous flow facilities?

A

23-26 days of age

57
Q

What is the goal of lactating sow management?

A

To maximize feed intake

58
Q

True or False: You need to ensure that sows are not fat coming into the farrowing rooms.

A

True - they will not eat well after farrowing if they are fat

59
Q

If feed intake is below target, what should you consider?

A

Temperature, parity, feed frequency, and nutrient density

Disturbances in Reproduction (49 decks)

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