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Disturbances in Reproduction > SA - Canine Cesarean Section > Flashcards

SA - Canine Cesarean Section Flashcards

1
Q

What are the indications for an emergency C-section?

A

Dystocia - Fetal maternal mismatch, primary uterine inertia, secondary uterine inertia, uterine torsion or rupture, obstruction of birth canal, fetal death
Failure of medical therapy

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2
Q

What are the indications for an elective C-section?

A

Planned - high risk breeds, prolonged gestation, convenience, maternal illness, and small litter or singleton

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3
Q

What miniature breeds are at risk for a C-section?

A

Chihuahua, Pomeranian, Dachshund, Poodle, and Yorkie

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4
Q

What mid-sized breeds are at risk for a C-section?

A

Scottish terrier

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5
Q

What giant breeds are at risk for a C-section?

A

Irish Wolfhound, Great Dane and Bermese Mountain Dog

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6
Q

What Brachycephalic breeds are at risk for a C-section?

A

Bulldogs, Boston Bull Terriers, Pugs, and Frenchie

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7
Q

What cats are at risk for a C-section?

A

Ragdoll and Abyssinian

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8
Q

What are some predictors of the whelping date?

A

Previous ovulation timing, decline in serum progesterone, and temperature drop

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9
Q

How fast is the normal fetal heart rate?

A

2-3x the dams (220-240)

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10
Q

When does the fetal heart rate begin to slow?

A

4-5 days prior to whelping

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11
Q

What fetal heart rate indicates mild distress?

A

<180

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12
Q

What fetal heart rate indicates severe distress?

A

<170

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13
Q

What fetal heart rate indicates that death is imminent?

A

<150

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14
Q

What do normal amnionic and allantoic fluids look like on ultrasound?

A

They are anechoic with minimal flocculant material

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15
Q

What may cause the fetal fluids to be hyperechoic?

A

meconium and hemorrhage

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16
Q

As a fetus is more mature, what changes occur to the kidneys?

A

The renal cortex is differentiated from the medulla
The pelvices are less dilated
The medulla and renal pelvis become increasingly prominent until term

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17
Q

What does the intestinal mucosa look like on ultrasound at 58-60 days? Does this indicate functional maturation?

A

It is evident as a hypoechoic lumen with a hyperechoic muscular layer
It does not indicate functional maturation

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18
Q

What becomes evident in the intestinal mucosa between 62-64 days on ultrasound? Does this indicate functional maturation?

A

Peristalsis

it does indicate functional maturation

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19
Q

How do you determine timing for elective C-sections?

A

Clinical signs, daily P4 testing, and daily ultrasound evaluation

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20
Q

When do you want to begin P4 testing to determine when to do elective C-sections?

A

3-5 days before the expected whelping date

21
Q

At what level of P4 is it okay to ‘cut’?

A

If it is <2 ng/mL

22
Q

What do you want to assess on ultrasound when you are determining when to do an elective C-section?

A

Progression of GI contrast and peristalsis
Progression of corticomedullary distinction
Assessment of fetal heart rates

23
Q

What is the diagnostic approach to elective and emergency C-sections?

A

Get a thorough history
Pre-anesthetic examination - BW
Obstetrical examination
Imaging - Rads and Ultrasound

24
Q

Can you palpate the cervix in the dog?

A

NO!

25
Q

What risks are associated with C-sections (i.e. what should you know before you cut)?

A

Pregnancy anemia, tachypnea may contribute to respiratory alkalosis, there is an increased risk of regurgitation, and rapid decompression of the abdomen needs to be monitored

26
Q

What is pregnancy anemia a consequence of?

A

expanded volume

27
Q

When does pregnancy anemia start?

A

around day 25-30 until parturition

28
Q

In cases of pregnancy anemia, what does a normal PCV at the time of surgery indicate?

A

dehydration - rehydrate if possible but avoid hypoproteinemia

29
Q

If unsure of expected whelping date/not sure about fetal maturity, what drug is recommended to give pre-op for a C-section?

A

SoluDelta Cortef 2-4 hours pre-op

30
Q

How do you prepare a dam for a C-section?

A

Pre-hydrate, pre-clip, pre-med, epidural

31
Q

What reversible pre-meds can be used for C-sections?

A

Alpha 2s, benzodiazepines, and narcotics

32
Q

What non-reversible premed can be used for C-sections?

A

Acepromazine

33
Q

What pre-med anesthetics can be given to a dam for a C-section?

A

Maropitant, Mu-agonist opioid, and a sedative if the dam is stressed

34
Q

What can be used for induction of a dam for C-section?

A

Alfaxalone, Isoflurane, or Sevoflurane

35
Q

What do you use for a line block in a dam that is going to get a C-section?

A

Bupivacaine (Nocita)

36
Q

True or False: When doing a C-section, you can take your time.

A

False

37
Q

What are the surgical options for a C-section?

A

Hysterotomy, hysterotomy and an (Ovario-)hysterectomy, or En Bloc (Ovario-)hysterectomy

38
Q

What is a hysterotomy?

A

Incision on the dorsal surface of the uterine body or greater curvature of the uterine horns and the base of one or separate horns. The uterus and ovaries remain

39
Q

What is an En Bloc (Ovario-) Hysterectomy?

A

Removal of the entire uterus quickly and then incise the uterus and deliver puppies

40
Q

Why is a hysterectomy or ovariohysterectomy not recommended at the time of a C-section?

A

The Dam shares blood volume with the puppies/uterus and if you remove the reproductive tract she will loose a lot of blood volume and may suddenly die within 24 hours

41
Q

When may a hysterectomy or ovariohysterectomy be necessary during a C-section?

A

If there is damage to the uterus, the uterine contents are putrefied and the health of the female is at risk, or at the owners request

42
Q

Does a hysterectomy or ovariohysterectomy have an impact in milk production?

A

No, there is no impact in milk production

43
Q

What type of incision is used to begin a c-section?

A

ventral midline incision

44
Q

What type of pattern is used for the uterine closure post C-section? Suture type?

A

Utrecht (inverting) with PDS or Monocryl

45
Q

What analgesia is given to a post-up C-section patient?

A

Rimadyl

46
Q

What should you remind clients about vaginal discharge in their C-section patients?

A

It is normal for 1-2 weeks following surgery
They should monitor for a change in color or develop an odor
There should be no discharge fi an OHE was performed

47
Q

If there are external stiches, when should the be removed after a C-section?

A

in 10-14 days

48
Q

What should clients look out for in regards to the mammary glands after a C-section?

A

Evidence of mastitis and if there is enough milk for the puppies (check by weighing the puppies)

Disturbances in Reproduction (49 decks)

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