SA - Canine Breeding Management

Question 1

What is puberty defined as in the female dog?

Answer 1

The onset of the 1st proestrus

Question 2

What is the average age of onset of puberty in the female dog?

Answer 2

6-10 months, but can be > 2 years in large breeds

Question 3

Describe the first estrus in a dog.

Answer 3

It often tends to be irregular - split heat or silent heat

Question 4

What is a split heat?

Answer 4

Hormones begin to rise, but they don’t get high enough for the dog to reach ovulation

Question 5

Most of the domesticated dogs have lost their seasonality except for what breeds?

Answer 5

African basenji, Australian dingo, wolf, and coyote

Question 6

What is the interestrous interval (IEI)?

Answer 6

The length of time from onset of proestrus to the onset of the next proestrus

Question 7

What does the IEI consist of/

Answer 7

Estrus, diestrus, and anestrus

Question 8

What is the average time of IEI?

Answer 8

6-8 months

Question 9

True or False: There is no difference in the interestrus interval between pregnant and non-pregnant cycle.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

What breed variations are associated with IEI?

Answer 10

Smaller breeds typically have shorter IEI with the exception of GSD and Rottweilers

Question 11

How can age effect the IEI?

Answer 11

There is typically no difference in IEI until they reach about 8 years of age which is when it typically is longer

Question 12

What are the four stages of the estrous cycle in the dog?

Answer 12

proestrus, estrus, diestrus, and anestrus

Question 13

What are the three classifications of the estrous cycle in the dog?

Answer 13

clinical, endocrinological, and cytological

Question 14

What is the average length of proestrus?

Answer 14

9 days - can range from 3-21 days

Question 15

What behavioral changes occur during proestrus?

Answer 15

The male is interested in the female and the female may show interest but is not responsive

Question 16

What clinical changes occur during proestrus in the female?

Answer 16

Vulvar swelling, turgidity reaches its maximum in late proestrus (coincides with E2 peak), and there is serosanguinous vaginal discharge

Question 17

Why is there serosanguinous vaginal discharge during proestrus?

Answer 17

Extravasation of erythrocytes by diapedesis of RBCs through the uterine vessels

Question 18

What endocrine changes occur during proestrus?

Answer 18

Estrogen peaks at the end of proestrus, progesterone is basal until late proestrus, and LH surge occurs at the end/early estrus

Question 19

What coincides with the decline in E2 during the estrous cycle?

Answer 19

The female begins showing clinical signs of estrus

Question 20

What cytologic changes are associated with proestrus?

Answer 20

Parabasal cells present early, superficial cornified cells increase, there may or may not be RBCs, and a few PMNs are present early

Question 21

What is the average length of estrus?

Answer 21

5-9 days

Question 22

What clinical changes occur during estrus?

Answer 22

Male and female are both interested in each other

The female allows for breeding to occur

Female will flag her tail to allow vulvular access

Vulva may be less swollen and turgid

Discharge is usually decreased

Crenulation is observed

Question 23

Describe the process of crenulation.

Answer 23

Vaginal mucosa becomes swollen during proestrus. With the rapid decline in E2, there is a rapid decline of edema within the vaginal walls. The vaginal mucosa becomes ‘shrunken’ or ‘crenulated’ in appearance

Question 24

When is maximum crenulation observed?

Answer 24

During the fertile period - 4-7 days after LH surge

Question 25

What endocrine changes occur during estrus?

Answer 25

Estrogen declines, progesterone begins to rise, LH levels return to baseline after LH surge

Question 26

When does ovulation occur?

Answer 26

During mid-estrus

Question 27

What is ovulated during ovulation?

Answer 27

Primary oocytes - these are NOT ready to be fertilized

Question 28

What cytological changes occur during estrus?

Answer 28

\>80% cornified cells, no PMNs present, +/- RBCs, the cells may slough off as sheets as the end of estrus approaches

Question 29

What is the average length of diestrus in the female? Is it longer in pregnant or non-pregnant females?

Answer 29

Average length - 60 days Longer in a non-pregnant female

Question 30

What happens behaviorally during diestrus?

Answer 30

Female refuses male advances

Question 31

What clinical changes occur during diestrus?

Answer 31

Vulva has minimal to no swelling, serosanguinous discharge absent, may have mammary development in the non-pregnant female

Question 32

What is a pseudopregnancy?

Answer 32

A false pregnancy or false birth

Question 33

What are the clinical signs of pseudopreganancy due to?

Answer 33

prolactin

Question 34

During what period of the estrous cycle can you spay a dog and see false pregnancy clinical signs as a result?

Answer 34

diestrus

Question 35

What endocrine changes occur during diestrus?

Answer 35

Progesterone dominance, prolactin levels rise, and there are basal LH and E2 levels

Question 36

What cytologic changes occur during diestrus?

Answer 36

Abrupt change in cornification on day 1, PMNs are abundant, intermediate cells are present, and metestrum cells are present

Question 37

True or False: Anestrus is the same as the IEI.

Answer 37

False, they are not the same thing

Question 38

What is the average length of anestrus in the female?

Answer 38

90-150 days - it varies

Question 39

What occurs during anestrus in the female?

Answer 39

it is a time of mandatory endometrial repair

Question 40

What clinical changes occur during anestrus?

Answer 40

Vulva appears normal, vagina wall is very thin and appears pale, and there is no discharge

Question 41

What endocrine changes occur during anestrus?

Answer 41

Ovaries are active and E2 fluctuates during anestrus

Question 42

What cytologic changes occur during anestrus?

Answer 42

Few cells, parabasal cells, intermediate cells, and rare PMNs

Question 43

What is the 2-2-2 rule with breeding management in the female dog?

Answer 43

Day 0 there is the LH surge. 2 days later there is ovulation. 2 days later fertilization can occur (days 4-6 technically) and 2 days after day 6 diestrus begins.

Question 44

What can be done to determine ovulation timing?

Answer 44

Use history, progesterone assay, LH test, and vaginal cytology

Question 45

When collecting a sample for progesterone, it is vital not to use what tube?

Answer 45

a serum separator tube - just use a plain red top

Question 46

At the LH surge, what will the P4 values be at?

Answer 46

1-3 ng/mL (ISU says 2-5)

Question 47

At ovulation, what will the P4 values be at?

Answer 47

5-10 mg/mL

Question 48

When would you use an LH test?

Answer 48

When you suspect the LH surge is happening

Question 49

Where should cells for a vaginal cytology be collected from?

Answer 49

The cranial vagina with a moistened cotton swab

Question 50

Once you have collected your vaginal cytology, what is done next?

Answer 50

The swab is rolled onto a slide in several non-overlapping rows, air-dried, and stained with Diff-Quik

Question 51

What food do parabasal cells look like?

Answer 51

cheerios

Question 52

What food do intermediate cells look like?

Answer 52

eggs

Question 53

What food do superficial (cornified) cells look like?

Answer 53

corn flakes

Question 54

Describe the appearance of a parabasal cell.

Answer 54

Small and round with large hemochromatic nuclei

Question 55

Describe the appearance of an intermediate cell.

Answer 55

Larger and the cytoplasm to nucleus ratio has increased

Question 56

Describe the appearance of superficial cells.

Answer 56

Pyknotic nuclei with angular shaped cytoplasm

Question 57

Describe the appearance of anuclear squamous cells.

Answer 57

Stain deeply basophilic and resemble 'corn flakes' - yes I know this contradicts what was said previously, don't @ me

Question 58

What stage is she in?

Answer 58

estrus

Question 59

What stage is she in?

Answer 59

proestrus or early disestrus

Question 60

What are the options for insemination?

Answer 60

Natural or live cover, vaginal artificial insemination, transcervical insemination, and surgical insemination

Question 61

When would you want to breed a female if you decide to use natural tie as your insemination?

Answer 61

Breed every other day until there is no longer interest Either on days 4 and 6 OR on days 3, 5, and possibly 7

Question 62

What must you confirm prior to doing a natural tie?

Answer 62

ovulation +/- the LH surge

Question 63

When should you check for day I of diestrus post natural tie?

Answer 63

Check for it on day 8 or 9 post the LH surge

Question 64

What type of semen can be used for vaginal AI?

Answer 64

fresh or cooled, shipped semen

Question 65

What must be done before you do AI?

Answer 65

Confirm ovulation +/- LH surge

Question 66

When do you want to breed if you choose AI?

Answer 66

Either breed on days 4 and 6 OR on day 5 This is based on semen availability

Question 67

When should you check for diestrus post AI?

Answer 67

On day 8 or 9 post LH surge

Question 68

What is the gold standard insemination technique in dogs?

Answer 68

transcervical insemination (TCI)

Question 69

What semen can be used for TCI?

Answer 69

fresh, cooled shipped, or frozen semen

Question 70

What must be done before TCI is done?

Answer 70

Confirm ovulation and LH

Question 71

When do you want to check for day I of diestrus post TCI?

Answer 71

On day 8 and/or 9 post LH surge

Question 72

When do you want to breed if you are using fresh or cooled shipped semen and TCI?

Answer 72

Days 4 and 6 OR day 5

Question 73

When do you want to breed if you are using frozen semen and TCI?

Answer 73

Day 5 and/or 6 If you only have one dose of semen, breed the morning of day 6

Question 74

What semen can be used for surgical artificial insemination?

Answer 74

fresh, cooled shipped, or frozen

Question 75

What must you do before performing surgical artificial insemination?

Answer 75

Confirm the LH surge and ovulation

Question 76

What is surgical artificial insemination not recommended as?

Answer 76

it is not recommended **as the first choice of insemination** because it limits the # of breedings per cycle and lifetime

Question 77

When do you want to check for day I diestrus if you do surgical artificial insemination?

Answer 77

On day 8 and/or 9

Question 78

When do you want to breed if you use fresh or cooled shipped semen and surgical artificial insemination?

Answer 78

Day 5

Question 79

When do you want to breed if you use frozen semen and surgical artificial insemination?

Answer 79

day 6

Question 80

How is pregnancy diagnosed?

Answer 80

Transabdominal ultrasound and radiographs

Question 81

When can transabdominal ultrasound confirm pregnancy?

Answer 81

At least 25-30 days post LH surge

Question 82

When can radiographs confirm pregnancy?

Answer 82

At least 48 days post LH surge - recommended 1 week prior to whelping

Question 83

When will whelping occur from the LH surge?

Answer 83

65 days +/- 2 days

Question 84

When will whelping occur from ovulation?

Answer 84

63 days +/- 2 days

Question 85

When will whelping occur from Day I Diestrus?

Answer 85

57 days +/- 1 day

Question 86

True or False: You can palpate the dog cervix with your finger.

Answer 86

False