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Disturbances in Reproduction > SA - Canine Breeding Management > Flashcards

SA - Canine Breeding Management Flashcards

1
Q

What is puberty defined as in the female dog?

A

The onset of the 1st proestrus

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2
Q

What is the average age of onset of puberty in the female dog?

A

6-10 months, but can be > 2 years in large breeds

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3
Q

Describe the first estrus in a dog.

A

It often tends to be irregular - split heat or silent heat

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4
Q

What is a split heat?

A

Hormones begin to rise, but they don’t get high enough for the dog to reach ovulation

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5
Q

Most of the domesticated dogs have lost their seasonality except for what breeds?

A

African basenji, Australian dingo, wolf, and coyote

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6
Q

What is the interestrous interval (IEI)?

A

The length of time from onset of proestrus to the onset of the next proestrus

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7
Q

What does the IEI consist of/

A

Estrus, diestrus, and anestrus

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8
Q

What is the average time of IEI?

A

6-8 months

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9
Q

True or False: There is no difference in the interestrus interval between pregnant and non-pregnant cycle.

A

True

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10
Q

What breed variations are associated with IEI?

A

Smaller breeds typically have shorter IEI with the exception of GSD and Rottweilers

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11
Q

How can age effect the IEI?

A

There is typically no difference in IEI until they reach about 8 years of age which is when it typically is longer

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12
Q

What are the four stages of the estrous cycle in the dog?

A

proestrus, estrus, diestrus, and anestrus

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13
Q

What are the three classifications of the estrous cycle in the dog?

A

clinical, endocrinological, and cytological

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14
Q

What is the average length of proestrus?

A

9 days - can range from 3-21 days

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15
Q

What behavioral changes occur during proestrus?

A

The male is interested in the female and the female may show interest but is not responsive

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16
Q

What clinical changes occur during proestrus in the female?

A

Vulvar swelling, turgidity reaches its maximum in late proestrus (coincides with E2 peak), and there is serosanguinous vaginal discharge

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17
Q

Why is there serosanguinous vaginal discharge during proestrus?

A

Extravasation of erythrocytes by diapedesis of RBCs through the uterine vessels

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18
Q

What endocrine changes occur during proestrus?

A

Estrogen peaks at the end of proestrus, progesterone is basal until late proestrus, and LH surge occurs at the end/early estrus

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19
Q

What coincides with the decline in E2 during the estrous cycle?

A

The female begins showing clinical signs of estrus

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20
Q

What cytologic changes are associated with proestrus?

A

Parabasal cells present early, superficial cornified cells increase, there may or may not be RBCs, and a few PMNs are present early

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21
Q

What is the average length of estrus?

A

5-9 days

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22
Q

What clinical changes occur during estrus?

A

Male and female are both interested in each other

The female allows for breeding to occur

Female will flag her tail to allow vulvular access

Vulva may be less swollen and turgid

Discharge is usually decreased

Crenulation is observed

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23
Q

Describe the process of crenulation.

A

Vaginal mucosa becomes swollen during proestrus. With the rapid decline in E2, there is a rapid decline of edema within the vaginal walls. The vaginal mucosa becomes ‘shrunken’ or ‘crenulated’ in appearance

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24
Q

When is maximum crenulation observed?

A

During the fertile period - 4-7 days after LH surge

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25
Q

What endocrine changes occur during estrus?

A

Estrogen declines, progesterone begins to rise, LH levels return to baseline after LH surge

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26
Q

When does ovulation occur?

A

During mid-estrus

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27
Q

What is ovulated during ovulation?

A

Primary oocytes - these are NOT ready to be fertilized

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28
Q

What cytological changes occur during estrus?

A

>80% cornified cells, no PMNs present, +/- RBCs, the cells may slough off as sheets as the end of estrus approaches

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29
Q

What is the average length of diestrus in the female? Is it longer in pregnant or non-pregnant females?

A

Average length - 60 days

Longer in a non-pregnant female

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30
Q

What happens behaviorally during diestrus?

A

Female refuses male advances

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31
Q

What clinical changes occur during diestrus?

A

Vulva has minimal to no swelling, serosanguinous discharge absent, may have mammary development in the non-pregnant female

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32
Q

What is a pseudopregnancy?

A

A false pregnancy or false birth

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33
Q

What are the clinical signs of pseudopreganancy due to?

A

prolactin

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34
Q

During what period of the estrous cycle can you spay a dog and see false pregnancy clinical signs as a result?

A

diestrus

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35
Q

What endocrine changes occur during diestrus?

A

Progesterone dominance, prolactin levels rise, and there are basal LH and E2 levels

36
Q

What cytologic changes occur during diestrus?

A

Abrupt change in cornification on day 1, PMNs are abundant, intermediate cells are present, and metestrum cells are present

37
Q

True or False: Anestrus is the same as the IEI.

A

False, they are not the same thing

38
Q

What is the average length of anestrus in the female?

A

90-150 days - it varies

39
Q

What occurs during anestrus in the female?

A

it is a time of mandatory endometrial repair

40
Q

What clinical changes occur during anestrus?

A

Vulva appears normal, vagina wall is very thin and appears pale, and there is no discharge

41
Q

What endocrine changes occur during anestrus?

A

Ovaries are active and E2 fluctuates during anestrus

42
Q

What cytologic changes occur during anestrus?

A

Few cells, parabasal cells, intermediate cells, and rare PMNs

43
Q

What is the 2-2-2 rule with breeding management in the female dog?

A

Day 0 there is the LH surge. 2 days later there is ovulation. 2 days later fertilization can occur (days 4-6 technically) and 2 days after day 6 diestrus begins.

44
Q

What can be done to determine ovulation timing?

A

Use history, progesterone assay, LH test, and vaginal cytology

45
Q

When collecting a sample for progesterone, it is vital not to use what tube?

A

a serum separator tube - just use a plain red top

46
Q

At the LH surge, what will the P4 values be at?

A

1-3 ng/mL (ISU says 2-5)

47
Q

At ovulation, what will the P4 values be at?

A

5-10 mg/mL

48
Q

When would you use an LH test?

A

When you suspect the LH surge is happening

49
Q

Where should cells for a vaginal cytology be collected from?

A

The cranial vagina with a moistened cotton swab

50
Q

Once you have collected your vaginal cytology, what is done next?

A

The swab is rolled onto a slide in several non-overlapping rows, air-dried, and stained with Diff-Quik

51
Q

What food do parabasal cells look like?

A

cheerios

52
Q

What food do intermediate cells look like?

A

eggs

53
Q

What food do superficial (cornified) cells look like?

A

corn flakes

54
Q

Describe the appearance of a parabasal cell.

A

Small and round with large hemochromatic nuclei

55
Q

Describe the appearance of an intermediate cell.

A

Larger and the cytoplasm to nucleus ratio has increased

56
Q

Describe the appearance of superficial cells.

A

Pyknotic nuclei with angular shaped cytoplasm

57
Q

Describe the appearance of anuclear squamous cells.

A

Stain deeply basophilic and resemble ‘corn flakes’ - yes I know this contradicts what was said previously, don’t @ me

58
Q

What stage is she in?

A

estrus

59
Q

What stage is she in?

A

proestrus or early disestrus

60
Q

What are the options for insemination?

A

Natural or live cover, vaginal artificial insemination, transcervical insemination, and surgical insemination

61
Q

When would you want to breed a female if you decide to use natural tie as your insemination?

A

Breed every other day until there is no longer interest

Either on days 4 and 6 OR on days 3, 5, and possibly 7

62
Q

What must you confirm prior to doing a natural tie?

A

ovulation +/- the LH surge

63
Q

When should you check for day I of diestrus post natural tie?

A

Check for it on day 8 or 9 post the LH surge

64
Q

What type of semen can be used for vaginal AI?

A

fresh or cooled, shipped semen

65
Q

What must be done before you do AI?

A

Confirm ovulation +/- LH surge

66
Q

When do you want to breed if you choose AI?

A

Either breed on days 4 and 6 OR on day 5

This is based on semen availability

67
Q

When should you check for diestrus post AI?

A

On day 8 or 9 post LH surge

68
Q

What is the gold standard insemination technique in dogs?

A

transcervical insemination (TCI)

69
Q

What semen can be used for TCI?

A

fresh, cooled shipped, or frozen semen

70
Q

What must be done before TCI is done?

A

Confirm ovulation and LH

71
Q

When do you want to check for day I of diestrus post TCI?

A

On day 8 and/or 9 post LH surge

72
Q

When do you want to breed if you are using fresh or cooled shipped semen and TCI?

A

Days 4 and 6 OR day 5

73
Q

When do you want to breed if you are using frozen semen and TCI?

A

Day 5 and/or 6 If you only have one dose of semen, breed the morning of day 6

74
Q

What semen can be used for surgical artificial insemination?

A

fresh, cooled shipped, or frozen

75
Q

What must you do before performing surgical artificial insemination?

A

Confirm the LH surge and ovulation

76
Q

What is surgical artificial insemination not recommended as?

A

it is not recommended as the first choice of insemination because it limits the # of breedings per cycle and lifetime

77
Q

When do you want to check for day I diestrus if you do surgical artificial insemination?

A

On day 8 and/or 9

78
Q

When do you want to breed if you use fresh or cooled shipped semen and surgical artificial insemination?

A

Day 5

79
Q

When do you want to breed if you use frozen semen and surgical artificial insemination?

A

day 6

80
Q

How is pregnancy diagnosed?

A

Transabdominal ultrasound and radiographs

81
Q

When can transabdominal ultrasound confirm pregnancy?

A

At least 25-30 days post LH surge

82
Q

When can radiographs confirm pregnancy?

A

At least 48 days post LH surge - recommended 1 week prior to whelping

83
Q

When will whelping occur from the LH surge?

A

65 days +/- 2 days

84
Q

When will whelping occur from ovulation?

A

63 days +/- 2 days

85
Q

When will whelping occur from Day I Diestrus?

A

57 days +/- 1 day

86
Q

True or False: You can palpate the dog cervix with your finger.

A

False

Disturbances in Reproduction (49 decks)

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