SA - Canine Breeding Management Flashcards
What is puberty defined as in the female dog?
The onset of the 1st proestrus
What is the average age of onset of puberty in the female dog?
6-10 months, but can be > 2 years in large breeds
Describe the first estrus in a dog.
It often tends to be irregular - split heat or silent heat
What is a split heat?
Hormones begin to rise, but they don’t get high enough for the dog to reach ovulation
Most of the domesticated dogs have lost their seasonality except for what breeds?
African basenji, Australian dingo, wolf, and coyote
What is the interestrous interval (IEI)?
The length of time from onset of proestrus to the onset of the next proestrus
What does the IEI consist of/
Estrus, diestrus, and anestrus
What is the average time of IEI?
6-8 months
True or False: There is no difference in the interestrus interval between pregnant and non-pregnant cycle.
True
What breed variations are associated with IEI?
Smaller breeds typically have shorter IEI with the exception of GSD and Rottweilers
How can age effect the IEI?
There is typically no difference in IEI until they reach about 8 years of age which is when it typically is longer
What are the four stages of the estrous cycle in the dog?
proestrus, estrus, diestrus, and anestrus
What are the three classifications of the estrous cycle in the dog?
clinical, endocrinological, and cytological
What is the average length of proestrus?
9 days - can range from 3-21 days
What behavioral changes occur during proestrus?
The male is interested in the female and the female may show interest but is not responsive
What clinical changes occur during proestrus in the female?
Vulvar swelling, turgidity reaches its maximum in late proestrus (coincides with E2 peak), and there is serosanguinous vaginal discharge
Why is there serosanguinous vaginal discharge during proestrus?
Extravasation of erythrocytes by diapedesis of RBCs through the uterine vessels
What endocrine changes occur during proestrus?
Estrogen peaks at the end of proestrus, progesterone is basal until late proestrus, and LH surge occurs at the end/early estrus
What coincides with the decline in E2 during the estrous cycle?
The female begins showing clinical signs of estrus
What cytologic changes are associated with proestrus?
Parabasal cells present early, superficial cornified cells increase, there may or may not be RBCs, and a few PMNs are present early
What is the average length of estrus?
5-9 days
What clinical changes occur during estrus?
Male and female are both interested in each other
The female allows for breeding to occur
Female will flag her tail to allow vulvular access
Vulva may be less swollen and turgid
Discharge is usually decreased
Crenulation is observed
Describe the process of crenulation.
Vaginal mucosa becomes swollen during proestrus. With the rapid decline in E2, there is a rapid decline of edema within the vaginal walls. The vaginal mucosa becomes ‘shrunken’ or ‘crenulated’ in appearance
When is maximum crenulation observed?
During the fertile period - 4-7 days after LH surge
What endocrine changes occur during estrus?
Estrogen declines, progesterone begins to rise, LH levels return to baseline after LH surge
When does ovulation occur?
During mid-estrus
What is ovulated during ovulation?
Primary oocytes - these are NOT ready to be fertilized
What cytological changes occur during estrus?
>80% cornified cells, no PMNs present, +/- RBCs, the cells may slough off as sheets as the end of estrus approaches
What is the average length of diestrus in the female? Is it longer in pregnant or non-pregnant females?
Average length - 60 days
Longer in a non-pregnant female
What happens behaviorally during diestrus?
Female refuses male advances
What clinical changes occur during diestrus?
Vulva has minimal to no swelling, serosanguinous discharge absent, may have mammary development in the non-pregnant female
What is a pseudopregnancy?
A false pregnancy or false birth
What are the clinical signs of pseudopreganancy due to?
prolactin
During what period of the estrous cycle can you spay a dog and see false pregnancy clinical signs as a result?
diestrus
What endocrine changes occur during diestrus?
Progesterone dominance, prolactin levels rise, and there are basal LH and E2 levels
What cytologic changes occur during diestrus?
Abrupt change in cornification on day 1, PMNs are abundant, intermediate cells are present, and metestrum cells are present
True or False: Anestrus is the same as the IEI.
False, they are not the same thing
What is the average length of anestrus in the female?
90-150 days - it varies
What occurs during anestrus in the female?
it is a time of mandatory endometrial repair
What clinical changes occur during anestrus?
Vulva appears normal, vagina wall is very thin and appears pale, and there is no discharge
What endocrine changes occur during anestrus?
Ovaries are active and E2 fluctuates during anestrus
What cytologic changes occur during anestrus?
Few cells, parabasal cells, intermediate cells, and rare PMNs
What is the 2-2-2 rule with breeding management in the female dog?
Day 0 there is the LH surge. 2 days later there is ovulation. 2 days later fertilization can occur (days 4-6 technically) and 2 days after day 6 diestrus begins.
What can be done to determine ovulation timing?
Use history, progesterone assay, LH test, and vaginal cytology
When collecting a sample for progesterone, it is vital not to use what tube?
a serum separator tube - just use a plain red top
At the LH surge, what will the P4 values be at?
1-3 ng/mL (ISU says 2-5)
At ovulation, what will the P4 values be at?
5-10 mg/mL
When would you use an LH test?
When you suspect the LH surge is happening
Where should cells for a vaginal cytology be collected from?
The cranial vagina with a moistened cotton swab
Once you have collected your vaginal cytology, what is done next?
The swab is rolled onto a slide in several non-overlapping rows, air-dried, and stained with Diff-Quik
What food do parabasal cells look like?
cheerios
What food do intermediate cells look like?
eggs
What food do superficial (cornified) cells look like?
corn flakes
Describe the appearance of a parabasal cell.
Small and round with large hemochromatic nuclei
Describe the appearance of an intermediate cell.
Larger and the cytoplasm to nucleus ratio has increased
Describe the appearance of superficial cells.
Pyknotic nuclei with angular shaped cytoplasm
Describe the appearance of anuclear squamous cells.
Stain deeply basophilic and resemble ‘corn flakes’ - yes I know this contradicts what was said previously, don’t @ me
What stage is she in?
estrus
What stage is she in?
proestrus or early disestrus
What are the options for insemination?
Natural or live cover, vaginal artificial insemination, transcervical insemination, and surgical insemination
When would you want to breed a female if you decide to use natural tie as your insemination?
Breed every other day until there is no longer interest
Either on days 4 and 6 OR on days 3, 5, and possibly 7
What must you confirm prior to doing a natural tie?
ovulation +/- the LH surge
When should you check for day I of diestrus post natural tie?
Check for it on day 8 or 9 post the LH surge
What type of semen can be used for vaginal AI?
fresh or cooled, shipped semen
What must be done before you do AI?
Confirm ovulation +/- LH surge
When do you want to breed if you choose AI?
Either breed on days 4 and 6 OR on day 5
This is based on semen availability
When should you check for diestrus post AI?
On day 8 or 9 post LH surge
What is the gold standard insemination technique in dogs?
transcervical insemination (TCI)
What semen can be used for TCI?
fresh, cooled shipped, or frozen semen
What must be done before TCI is done?
Confirm ovulation and LH
When do you want to check for day I of diestrus post TCI?
On day 8 and/or 9 post LH surge
When do you want to breed if you are using fresh or cooled shipped semen and TCI?
Days 4 and 6 OR day 5
When do you want to breed if you are using frozen semen and TCI?
Day 5 and/or 6 If you only have one dose of semen, breed the morning of day 6
What semen can be used for surgical artificial insemination?
fresh, cooled shipped, or frozen
What must you do before performing surgical artificial insemination?
Confirm the LH surge and ovulation
What is surgical artificial insemination not recommended as?
it is not recommended as the first choice of insemination because it limits the # of breedings per cycle and lifetime
When do you want to check for day I diestrus if you do surgical artificial insemination?
On day 8 and/or 9
When do you want to breed if you use fresh or cooled shipped semen and surgical artificial insemination?
Day 5
When do you want to breed if you use frozen semen and surgical artificial insemination?
day 6
How is pregnancy diagnosed?
Transabdominal ultrasound and radiographs
When can transabdominal ultrasound confirm pregnancy?
At least 25-30 days post LH surge
When can radiographs confirm pregnancy?
At least 48 days post LH surge - recommended 1 week prior to whelping
When will whelping occur from the LH surge?
65 days +/- 2 days
When will whelping occur from ovulation?
63 days +/- 2 days
When will whelping occur from Day I Diestrus?
57 days +/- 1 day
True or False: You can palpate the dog cervix with your finger.
False
