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Disturbances in Reproduction > Small Ruminant - Abortions > Flashcards

Small Ruminant - Abortions Flashcards

1
Q

Greater than what percentage of abortion loss need to be investigated?

A

> 2% loss

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2
Q

Abortion storms can happen with what percentage of loss?

A

> 30% loss

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3
Q

When during gestation do most infectious causes lead to abortion?

A

> 100 days gestation

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4
Q

True or False: Most bacterial causes of small ruminant abortion are zoonotic.

A

TRUE

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5
Q

What are the most common bacterial causes of small ruminant abortion?

A

Campylobacter (sheep) and Chlamydia abortus (enzootic abortion of sheep)

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6
Q

What are some other bacterial causes of abortions in small ruminants?

A

Salmonella, Listeria, Brucella, Coxiella, and Leptospira

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7
Q

What protozoan is responsible for abortions in small ruminants?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

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8
Q

What viruses are responsible for abortions in small ruminants?

A

Cache valley virus, Border disease, BTV, Akabane, Schmallenberg virus, CpHV 1

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9
Q

True or False: Campylobacter is not zoonotic.

A

FALSE

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10
Q

What are the etiologic agents of Campylobacter abortions?

A

Campylobacter fetus subsp. Fetus, C. jejuni, C. lari

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11
Q

How is Campylobacter spread?

A

oral transmission

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12
Q

Campylobacter causes cyclic and epizootic abortions in sheep or goats?

A

sheep

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13
Q

When do abortions occur in relation to infection of Campylobacter?

A

10-20 days post infection

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14
Q

What does the placenta look like in sheep with campylobacter?

A

hemorrhagic necrotic cotyledons and edematous or leathery intercotyledonary areas

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15
Q

What will the fetus look like in campylobacter abortions?

A

Autolyzed with necrotic foci in the liver (target lesions)

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16
Q

How are campylobacter infections treated in pregnant ewes?

A

tetracyclines

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17
Q

How is campylobacter prevented?

A

vaccination (6-8 weeks prior to breeding) and hygeine

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18
Q

True or false: Chlamydia abortions are zoonotic.

A

TRUE

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19
Q

Do chlamydia abortions affect goats or ewes?

A

both

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20
Q

What Chlamydia species are responsible for causing abortions?

A

C. abortus or pecorum (aka psittaci)

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21
Q

Chlamydia does not only cause abortions, what else can it cause to the fetus?

A

stillborns and weak offspring

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22
Q

When does Chlamydia effect the fetus in regards to infection?

A

60-90 days after infection

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23
Q

Chlamydia is responsible of up to ___% of abortions.

A

60 percent

24
Q

True or False: Aborted fetuses have pathognomonic lesions that are similar to those of Campylobacter.

A

False - aborted fetuses typically does not have any gross lesions and diagnostic samples are unrewarding

25
What does the placenta look like in goats and ewes with Chlamydia infection?
Necrotic, red-brown cotyledons and thickened intercotylendonary areas with exudate
26
Do ewes typically abort again? Do they continue to shed?
Ewes do not abort again however they are persistently infected and can shed
27
If ewes are infected late (>100 days of gestation) what are they at risk for?
abortion during the next gestation
28
True or False: Chalmydia can be transmitted venereally from the ram.
TRUE
29
How is chlamydia infection treated?
Tetracyclines
30
How are Chlamydia infections controlled?
Isolation for 3weeks to 3 months and vaccination (sheep)
31
True or False: Toxoplasma abortions are zoonotic.
TRUE
32
What is the etiologic agent of Toxoplasma abortions?
T. gondii
33
True or False: Toxoplasma abortions are a major cause of ovine and caprine abortions throughout the world
TRUE
34
How is toxoplasma transmitted?
ingestion of sporulated coccidian oocytes from kittens
35
If a goat or sheep is infected with Toxoplasma prior to breeding what occurs?
Immunity with no clinical signs
36
If a goat or sheep is infected with Toxoplasma early in gestation (30-90 days) what occurs?
resorption and mummification
37
If a goat or sheep is infected with Toxoplasma during mid gestation (40-120 days) what occurs?
mummification, maceration, and abortions
38
If a goat or sheep is infected with Toxoplasma during late gestation what occurs?
abortions, prematurity, stillborn, weak, and perinatal death
39
What does the placenta look like in Toxoplasma infected small ruminants?
white necrotic/calcified foci on cotyledons
40
Where else can Toxoplasma cause lesions in small ruminants? What lesion?
Brain - focal suppurative inflammation
41
In cases of immunity, what type of transmission is possible?
transplacental transmission
42
Goats/Sheep are typically more susceptible to Toxoplasma infection, but have better resistance to reinfection.
goats
43
How is Toxoplasma transmission prevented?
Control cat population (prevent cats from lactating or giving birth on feed) and give coccidiostats
44
Cache Valley virus causes abortions in sheeps or goats more?
sheep
45
How is Cache Valley virus transmitted?
Vector (Culicoides and mosquitos) blood borne
46
What happens if a ewe or goat is infected in early pregnancy with Cache Valley virus?
Embryonic loss (<32 days), mummification, and deformities
47
What deformities are associated with early gestation Cache Valley virus infection?
arthrogryposis, scoliosis, torticollis, muscle atrophy, and head
48
What happens if a ewe or goat is infected in late pregnancy with Cache Valley virus?
abortions and stillborns
49
How is Cache Valley virus diagnosed?
Subclinical exams, serology, and rule out other arthrogryposis causes
50
How is Cache Valley virus treated?
There is no treatment
51
How do you prevent Cache Valley virus infections?
Breed outside vector season and control vectors
52
What plant can cause abortions in small ruminants?
Veratrum californicum
53
What is the toxin that Veratrum californicum releases?
cyclopamine
54
What will you see if a dam ingests Veratrum californicum <10 days into gestation?
Early embyronic death
55
What will you see if a dam ingests Veratrum californicum 11-16 days into gestation?
Cyclops appearance, anopthalmos, and cleft palate
56
What will you see if a dam ingests Veratrum californicum 25-36 days into gestation?
Hypoplasia of the metacarpals and metatarsals
57
What else can Veratrum californicum affect in the fetus?
The fetal pituitary gland development

Disturbances in Reproduction (49 decks)

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