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Disturbances in Reproduction > Small Ruminant - Abortions > Flashcards

Small Ruminant - Abortions Flashcards

1
Q

Greater than what percentage of abortion loss need to be investigated?

A

> 2% loss

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2
Q

Abortion storms can happen with what percentage of loss?

A

> 30% loss

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3
Q

When during gestation do most infectious causes lead to abortion?

A

> 100 days gestation

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4
Q

True or False: Most bacterial causes of small ruminant abortion are zoonotic.

A

TRUE

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5
Q

What are the most common bacterial causes of small ruminant abortion?

A

Campylobacter (sheep) and Chlamydia abortus (enzootic abortion of sheep)

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6
Q

What are some other bacterial causes of abortions in small ruminants?

A

Salmonella, Listeria, Brucella, Coxiella, and Leptospira

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7
Q

What protozoan is responsible for abortions in small ruminants?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

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8
Q

What viruses are responsible for abortions in small ruminants?

A

Cache valley virus, Border disease, BTV, Akabane, Schmallenberg virus, CpHV 1

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9
Q

True or False: Campylobacter is not zoonotic.

A

FALSE

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10
Q

What are the etiologic agents of Campylobacter abortions?

A

Campylobacter fetus subsp. Fetus, C. jejuni, C. lari

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11
Q

How is Campylobacter spread?

A

oral transmission

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12
Q

Campylobacter causes cyclic and epizootic abortions in sheep or goats?

A

sheep

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13
Q

When do abortions occur in relation to infection of Campylobacter?

A

10-20 days post infection

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14
Q

What does the placenta look like in sheep with campylobacter?

A

hemorrhagic necrotic cotyledons and edematous or leathery intercotyledonary areas

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15
Q

What will the fetus look like in campylobacter abortions?

A

Autolyzed with necrotic foci in the liver (target lesions)

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16
Q

How are campylobacter infections treated in pregnant ewes?

A

tetracyclines

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17
Q

How is campylobacter prevented?

A

vaccination (6-8 weeks prior to breeding) and hygeine

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18
Q

True or false: Chlamydia abortions are zoonotic.

A

TRUE

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19
Q

Do chlamydia abortions affect goats or ewes?

A

both

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20
Q

What Chlamydia species are responsible for causing abortions?

A

C. abortus or pecorum (aka psittaci)

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21
Q

Chlamydia does not only cause abortions, what else can it cause to the fetus?

A

stillborns and weak offspring

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22
Q

When does Chlamydia effect the fetus in regards to infection?

A

60-90 days after infection

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23
Q

Chlamydia is responsible of up to ___% of abortions.

A

60 percent

24
Q

True or False: Aborted fetuses have pathognomonic lesions that are similar to those of Campylobacter.

A

False - aborted fetuses typically does not have any gross lesions and diagnostic samples are unrewarding

25
Q

What does the placenta look like in goats and ewes with Chlamydia infection?

A

Necrotic, red-brown cotyledons and thickened intercotylendonary areas with exudate

26
Q

Do ewes typically abort again? Do they continue to shed?

A

Ewes do not abort again however they are persistently infected and can shed

27
Q

If ewes are infected late (>100 days of gestation) what are they at risk for?

A

abortion during the next gestation

28
Q

True or False: Chalmydia can be transmitted venereally from the ram.

A

TRUE

29
Q

How is chlamydia infection treated?

A

Tetracyclines

30
Q

How are Chlamydia infections controlled?

A

Isolation for 3weeks to 3 months and vaccination (sheep)

31
Q

True or False: Toxoplasma abortions are zoonotic.

A

TRUE

32
Q

What is the etiologic agent of Toxoplasma abortions?

A

T. gondii

33
Q

True or False: Toxoplasma abortions are a major cause of ovine and caprine abortions throughout the world

A

TRUE

34
Q

How is toxoplasma transmitted?

A

ingestion of sporulated coccidian oocytes from kittens

35
Q

If a goat or sheep is infected with Toxoplasma prior to breeding what occurs?

A

Immunity with no clinical signs

36
Q

If a goat or sheep is infected with Toxoplasma early in gestation (30-90 days) what occurs?

A

resorption and mummification

37
Q

If a goat or sheep is infected with Toxoplasma during mid gestation (40-120 days) what occurs?

A

mummification, maceration, and abortions

38
Q

If a goat or sheep is infected with Toxoplasma during late gestation what occurs?

A

abortions, prematurity, stillborn, weak, and perinatal death

39
Q

What does the placenta look like in Toxoplasma infected small ruminants?

A

white necrotic/calcified foci on cotyledons

40
Q

Where else can Toxoplasma cause lesions in small ruminants? What lesion?

A

Brain - focal suppurative inflammation

41
Q

In cases of immunity, what type of transmission is possible?

A

transplacental transmission

42
Q

Goats/Sheep are typically more susceptible to Toxoplasma infection, but have better resistance to reinfection.

A

goats

43
Q

How is Toxoplasma transmission prevented?

A

Control cat population (prevent cats from lactating or giving birth on feed) and give coccidiostats

44
Q

Cache Valley virus causes abortions in sheeps or goats more?

A

sheep

45
Q

How is Cache Valley virus transmitted?

A

Vector (Culicoides and mosquitos) blood borne

46
Q

What happens if a ewe or goat is infected in early pregnancy with Cache Valley virus?

A

Embryonic loss (<32 days), mummification, and deformities

47
Q

What deformities are associated with early gestation Cache Valley virus infection?

A

arthrogryposis, scoliosis, torticollis, muscle atrophy, and head

48
Q

What happens if a ewe or goat is infected in late pregnancy with Cache Valley virus?

A

abortions and stillborns

49
Q

How is Cache Valley virus diagnosed?

A

Subclinical exams, serology, and rule out other arthrogryposis causes

50
Q

How is Cache Valley virus treated?

A

There is no treatment

51
Q

How do you prevent Cache Valley virus infections?

A

Breed outside vector season and control vectors

52
Q

What plant can cause abortions in small ruminants?

A

Veratrum californicum

53
Q

What is the toxin that Veratrum californicum releases?

A

cyclopamine

54
Q

What will you see if a dam ingests Veratrum californicum <10 days into gestation?

A

Early embyronic death

55
Q

What will you see if a dam ingests Veratrum californicum 11-16 days into gestation?

A

Cyclops appearance, anopthalmos, and cleft palate

56
Q

What will you see if a dam ingests Veratrum californicum 25-36 days into gestation?

A

Hypoplasia of the metacarpals and metatarsals

57
Q

What else can Veratrum californicum affect in the fetus?

A

The fetal pituitary gland development

Disturbances in Reproduction (49 decks)

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