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Disturbances in Reproduction > Bovine - Breeding Soundness Exam > Flashcards

Bovine - Breeding Soundness Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is the typical return investment on a breeding soundness exam?

A

$42 per exam

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2
Q

When are breeding soundness exams done?

A

42-60 days prior to breeding season, if there are fertility concerns, or pre-purchase

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3
Q

Success of breeding in bulls is dependent on what?

A

survival and maintenance, identifying females in estrus, and depositing fertile semen into the females reproductive tract

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4
Q

How do producers measure a bull’s success?

A

their pregnancy rate or percentage of cows impregnated within time intervals of calving season

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5
Q

What are the three components of a bulls breeding ability?

A

History/physical exam, semen evaluation, and libido

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6
Q

When doing a PE on bulls, what are we evaluating?

A

movement, scrotum/testicles, rectal palpation, prepuce/penis

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7
Q

What should the testicles feel like in relation to firmness?

A

It should be as firm as a bicep and freely movable

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8
Q

When doing a rectal palpation during a bulls PE, what are you evaluating?

A

the sex glands, and you want to massage the ampullas to stimulate the start of semen ejaculation

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9
Q

When evaluating the prepuce/penis, what are you looking for?

A

abnormalities - make sure it can extend out

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10
Q

What are the methods of collecting semen?

A

artifical vagina, manual massage, and electroejaculation

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11
Q

What do you need to have if you plan on using an artifical vagina?

A

Jump/dummu/estrus cow, clean collection device, adequate temperature, personnel

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12
Q

What are the benefits of an artificial vagina?

A

see mounting ability, libido, and true ejaculate

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13
Q

What are the cons of the artificial vagina?

A

You can get a dirty sample and it is labor intensive

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14
Q

What do you need to have if you plan on using electro ejaculation?

A

chute/restraint, pulsator, collection device, and 1 additional person

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15
Q

What are the benefits to using electro ejaculation?

A

increased semen sample, can be used in bulls with injuries, and clean collection

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16
Q

What are the cons to using electro ejaculation?

A

not all bulls cooperate and you can have equipment malfunction

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17
Q

What are some potential complications associated with semen collection?

A

no ejaculation after full stimulation, recent cow exposure, nervous/wild bulls, urine contaminated sample

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18
Q

How do you try to resolve no ejaculation after full stimulation?

A

Let the bull rest, and repeat in 3-5 minutes

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19
Q

What is the ideal scrotal circumference at 15 months?

A

30cm

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20
Q

What is the ideal scrotal circumference between 15-18 months?

A

31 cm

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21
Q

What is the ideal scrotal circumference between 18-21 months?

A

32 cm

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22
Q

What is the ideal scrotal circumference between 21-24 months?

A

33 cm

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23
Q

What is the ideal scrotal circumference at greater than 24 months?

A

34 cm

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24
Q

Why is the 30 cm at 15 months requirement questionable?

A

the standards were made many years ago, bulls are different sizes now, and minature bulls would definitely not meet these standards

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25
Q

What is considered a fair motility when doing semen evaluation?

A

when greater than or equal to 30% of the semen are moving in the sample - this would be acceptable to breed

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26
Q

What is the the required normal morphology a semen sample must have to pass?

A

greater than or equal to 70% normal cells

27
Q

What specifically about motility are we examining when looking at a semen sample?

A

that they are progressively swimming forward

28
Q

What influences the semen viability?

A

temperature and time from when the sample was taken

29
Q

What is the best way to evaluate the morphology of semen?

A

count 100 semen, if 70 or greater than that have normal morphology then they are viable

30
Q

When looking at abnormalities, what questions must you ask your self?

A

Where are they localized to? Are they primary vs secondary? Are they compensable vs. non compensable?

31
Q

What types of stains can you use to evaluate semen morphology?

A

Eosin-Nigrosin, India ink, or Diff Quik

32
Q

What does the Eosin of Eosin-Nigrosin stain do?

A

it penetrates dead sperm cells (pink or red if dead)

33
Q

What does the Nigrosin of Eosin-Nigrosin stain do?

A

it stains the background

34
Q

What does india ink do to a semen sample?

A

it only stains the background

35
Q

What does Diff quik stain allow for?

A

better visualization of WBC

36
Q

How do you prepare a smear for semen morphology?

A

Place a small drop of stain and a small drop of semen on the slide and then smear like you would with a blood stain

37
Q

What power should you view a semen smear under?

A

1000x in oil immersion

38
Q

Where do primary semen abnormalities happen?

A

testicular origin, during spermatogenesis

39
Q

Where do secondary semen abnormalities happen?

A

epididymal origin

40
Q

What defects are associated with the head of sperm?

A

Pyriform heads, crater/diadem defect, abnormal contour, macrocephalic and microcephalic, acrosomal abnormalities, proximal droplet, dag defect

41
Q

What defects are associated with the midpice of sperm?

A

Pyriform heads, proximal cytoplasmic droplet, pseudodroplet, dag defect, mitochondrial sheath defects, distal midpiece reflex, and bowed mid piece

42
Q

What defects are associated with the tails of sperm?

A

Coiled or bent, tail stump, and accessory tails

43
Q

What defects are not considered to impact reproductibility?

A

distal droplets and abaxial tail

44
Q

When are cytoplasmic droplets typically seen?

A

In normal bulls (shed during epididymal transit) and increased occurance in peripubertal bulls

45
Q

What is a cytoplasmic droplet?

A

It is something that was originally attached to the head and is supposed to be shed off in the epididymus and hasn’t due to either abnormal spermiogenesis or an epididymal issue

46
Q

What does a proximal droplet cause?

A

decreased fertility

47
Q

What are the underlying causes of a proximal cytoplasmic droplet?

A

immaturity or testicular degeneration

48
Q

What is the most common head defect?

A

Pyriform-shaped head

49
Q

What type of defect is a pyriform-shaped head (primary/secondary, major/minor)?

A

primary/major

50
Q

Why does the pyriform-shaped head lead to decreased fertility?

A

inadequate zona penetration

51
Q

What can cause pyriform-shaped head?

A

testicular hypoplasia or heat stress

52
Q

What is the most common tail defect?

A

distal midpiece reflex

53
Q

What type of defect is a distal midpiece reflex (primary/secondary, major/minor)?

A

secondary minor

54
Q

How does a distal midpiece reflex appear?

A

sharp, hairpin bend at the end of the midpiece with a distal droplet

55
Q

What is a distal midpiece reflex commonly seen due to?

A

heat/stress insult, reduced testosterone levels, or in jerseys

56
Q

What type of defect is a coiled tail (primary/secondary, major/minor)?

A

secondary minor

57
Q

What is the common etiology of a coiled tail?

A

heat stress, gossypol toxicity

58
Q

What type of defect is a bent tail (primary/secondary, major/minor)?

A

secondary minor

59
Q

What is the common etiology of a bent tail?

A

iatrogenic or real issue, or osmolality impact

60
Q

What does a satisfactory breeding exam mean?

A

it meets or exceeds all the required values

61
Q

What does an unsatisfactory breeding exam mean?

A

does not meet all requirements, previous history, not likely to improve with time

62
Q

What does a deferred/questionable breeding exam mean?

A

Does not meet all requirements, but with time has potential to improve - will need a reexamination

63
Q

When you are looking at semen in a sample, when was it produced?

A

60 days prior

Disturbances in Reproduction (49 decks)

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