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Disturbances in Reproduction > Equine - Breeding Management > Flashcards

Equine - Breeding Management Flashcards

1
Q

How often is transrectal palpation and ultrasonography perfermed as a mare cones into estrus and develops a dominant follicle?

A

every other day to every day

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2
Q

What additional diagnostics can be done to assess estrus behavior in a mare?

A

teasing and vaginal speculum (to examine for cervical relaxation)

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3
Q

What history do you need to gather for breeding management?

A

age and reproductive status, method of insemination, breeding history, and any other significant history

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4
Q

A thorough physical examination needs to be done for breeding management including examining what?

A

perineal confirmation and mammary glands

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5
Q

How quick after foaling will mares come into estrus and what is that called?

A

foal heat - 6-10 days following foaling

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6
Q

What is the criteria to be bred on a foal heat?

A

there needed to be a normal foaling, normal uterine involution (no to minimal fluid), and only if ovulation occurs after day 10 post foaling

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7
Q

If the criteria is not met to breed at foal heat, when can they be bred?

A

the next natural cycle or short cycle with prostaglandin

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8
Q

What is good perineal confirmation?

A

it is 2/3 below the pelvic brim, there is vertical orientation, and good lip apposition

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9
Q

If a mare doesn’t have good perineal confirmation, what can be done?

A

A temporary or permanent Caslick’s following breeding and/or pregnancy confirmation

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10
Q

What tests can be done to evaluate perineal confirmation?

A

Windsuck test and a Caslick’s index

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11
Q

How do you perform a ‘Windsuck’ test?

A

Part the vulvar lips and note for rapid aspiration of air - a mare shouldn’t aspirate air

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12
Q

How is the Caslick’s Index calculated?

A

the length of the vulva (cm) x the angle of the vulva (deg)

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13
Q

What is a normal Caslick’s Index result?

A

less than 100

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14
Q

What are the different reproductive diagnositc modalities?

A

transrectal palpation, transrectal ultrasonography, vaginal speculum examination, and hormonal profiling

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15
Q

What does transrectal palpation assess?

A

cervical tone, follicular size, and follicular character

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16
Q

What does transrectal ultrasonography assess?

A

follicular dynamics, presence or absence of uterine edema, and any abnormalities

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17
Q

What does vaginal speculum examination assess?

A

the equine cervix

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18
Q

When would hormonal profiling be performed?

A

in mares with abnormal cycles

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19
Q

What injury is a risk of any palpation and/or ultrasound procedure in horses?

A

rectal tear and/or irritation

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20
Q

What can be used to mitigate risks of a rectal tear and/or irritation?

A

restraint, sedation, lube, and technique/patience

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21
Q

If any blood is noticed on your sleeve during or after palpation/ultrasound, what should be done?

A

It should be immediately evaluated by bare arm palpation to determine the source within the rectum and potential severity or grade

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22
Q

What is a grade 1 cervical score?

A

The cervix is 1-finger width, in diestrus and ideal pregnancy score

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23
Q

What is a grade 2 cervical score?

A

The cervix is 2-finger width, in diestrus or early estrus, non-ideal pregnancy

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24
Q

What is a grade 3 cervical score?

A

The cervix is 3-finger widths, in estrus

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25
Q

What are the key points in a rectal palpation?

A

Tract should not be reflected, palpate the entire reproductive tract, confirmation of ovaries, and palpate all of the palpable structures

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26
Q

What structure is not palpable in the mare?

A

CLs

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27
Q

What is the general path to identifying things in a transrectal ultrasound?

A

ID the urinary bladder and uterine body. Follow the uterine body to the bifurcation to the uterine horn and then to the ovary. Repeat on the other side

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28
Q

What should be evaluated during transrectal ultrasound?

A

Evaluate the ovarian structures, uterine edema, uterine fluid, other abnormalities, and the presence/absence of pregnancy

29
Q

What is grade 0 uterine edema?

A

no edema

30
Q

What is grade 1 uterine edema?

A

mild edema - beginning of wagon wheel on ultrasound

31
Q

What is grade 2 uterine edema?

A

moderate edema; folds are equivalent

32
Q

What is grade 3 uterine edema?

A

heavy edema

33
Q

What is grade 4 uterine edema?

A

pathologic edema, frequently found surrouding fluid

34
Q

What is uterine fluid graded based on?

A

volume - measure the diameter and location

35
Q

When are artifical lightening programs used?

A

to bring mares into heat prior than when they would cycle naturally

36
Q

How long does it take for a mare to respond to artifical lighting programs?

A

6-8 weeks (60 day average)

37
Q

When would artifical lighting typically begin?

A

Mid December to guarantee cyclicity in February or March of the next season

38
Q

What duration of light is needed for manipulation of the estrous cycle?

A

16 hours

39
Q

How is a 16 hour duration achieved in the winter?

A

light is added at the end of the day (after sunset) - it must not be a constant light

40
Q

Aside from adding lights around the entirety of the stall, what else can be used as an artifical light?

A

Equilume masks which shine light frequency into the retina via the mask

41
Q

What hormone can shorten diestrus?

A

progesterone

42
Q

What exogenous prostaglandins can be used for estrous cycle management?

A

Dinoprost (Lutalyse) or Cloprostenol (Estrumate)

43
Q

What is the standard protocol for exogenous prostaglandin and why?

A

Administer 5 to 6 days following ovulation because you must have a mature CL to respond to prostaglandin

44
Q

What drugs can induce ovulation?

A

human chronic gonadotropin and deslorelin acetate (GnRH)

45
Q

When does ovulation occur after giving HCG?

A

ovulation occurs in approximately 36 hours (24-48 hr range)

46
Q

What follicle size should there be if you plan on giving HCG?

A

greater than 35mm

47
Q

Why should you limit the use of HCG to 1-2/season?

A

because there is a potential for antibody formation

48
Q

When does ovulation occur after using Deslorelin acetate?

A

In approximately 44 hours (40-48hr range)

49
Q

What are the ‘requirements’ to using Deslorelin acetate?

A

greater than 35mm follicle and signs of estrus

50
Q

What are the different breeding methods that could be used?

A

pasture breeding, hand breeding, and artificial insemination

51
Q

What are the different types of artificial insemination (locations)?

A

intrauterine (fresh, cooled, or frozen semen) and deep horn (frozen semen)

52
Q

What is live cover breeding?

A

In hand or pasture breeding where ejaculate is deposited directly within the uterus

53
Q

For what group of horses is live cover required?

A

for thoroughbreds to be registered with the Jockey Club

54
Q

What is the window for breeding with fresh or shipped cooled semen?

A

breed within 48 hours of expected ovulation

55
Q

How long are fresh or shipped cool semen typically viable?

A

on average of 48 hours depending on stallion fertility

56
Q

What are the requirements for semen for AI?

A

Minimum of 500 million progressively motile sperm - >60-70% motility and >70% normal morphology

57
Q

What is the average pregnancy rate for AI with fresh or shipped/cool semen?

A

60-80%

58
Q

What is the window for breeding with frozen semen?

A

the goal is to deposit semen within 12 hours prior to ovulation to 6 hours following ovulation

59
Q

How long do frozen sperm typically live? The oocyte?

A

frozen sperm - 12 hours; oocyte - 6-8 hours post ovulation

60
Q

What is the single dose protocol for frozen semen?

A

Check for ovulation every 6 hours and breed post confirmed ovulation

61
Q

What is the strictly time AI protocol?

A
  1. Administer hCG

2. Breed at 24 hours and 40 hours post administration - hoping ovulation occurs during the buffer

62
Q

What are the downfalls to a strictly timed AI protocol?

A

Potentially allows for elimination of multiple checks and less exact monitoring and timing of the oocyte

63
Q

What is ISUs recommendation for progressively motile sperm numbers in frozen semen?

A

minimum of 400 million progressively motile sperm

64
Q

What is the average pregnancy rate when using frozen semen?

A

approximately 35%

65
Q

What happens in a post breeding examination?

A

confirm ovulation and examine for and manage any post breeding intrauterine fluid

66
Q

What can be used to get rid of any post breeding intrauterine fluid?

A

Oxytocin-ecbolic agent to cause uterine contractions and clearance or Prostaglandin +/- intrauterine lavage

67
Q

When would temporary Caslick’s with stainless steel staples be placed?

A

until pregnancy examination, embryo flush, etc.

68
Q

When would a permanent Caslick’s be placed?

A

following pregancy confirmation

Disturbances in Reproduction (49 decks)

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