SA - Male Reproductive Disease

Question 1

What diagnostics are available for SA male reproductive disease?

Answer 1

History and PE
Semen evaluation
Palpation of prostate and external genitalia
Hormonal assays
Ultrasonography and/or radiography
Biopsy of testes, cytology, prostatic wash, and/or biopsy of prostate gland
Observation of sexual nehavior

Question 2

Where is the primary site or reproductive disease in the dog?

Answer 2

the prostate

Question 3

____ of intact dogs exhibit histologic evidence of benign prostatic hyperplasia by 5 years of age.

Answer 3

50%

Question 4

____ of intact dogs exhibit histologic evidence of benign prostatic hyperplasia by 9 years of age.

Answer 4

> 95%

Question 5

What clinical signs are associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia?

Answer 5

Hemospermia and/or hematuria is the most common

Tenesemus, ribbion like stools, possibly dysuria or stranguria

Question 6

What are patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) more susceptible to?

Answer 6

Ascending infection and prostatitis

Question 7

The prostate is symmetrically/asymmetrically enlarged in BPH?

Answer 7

Symmetrically

Question 8

How is BPH diagnosed?

Answer 8

rectal palpation, ultrasound, radiographs, cytology and/or culture

Question 9

What will you feel on rectal palpation in patients with BPH?

Answer 9

Bilobed, firm, symmetrical structure

Enlargement and/or cranial abdominal displacement

Question 10

What will you see on radiographs in patients with BPH?

Answer 10

Prostatic enlargement and/or mineralization

Question 11

What can cytology and/or culture be taken from in patients with BPH?

Answer 11

Prostatic fraction, prostatic wash, ultrasound guided FNA

Question 12

How is BPH treated?

Answer 12

Finasteride or Castration

Question 13

What are prostatic cysts a sequelae to?

Answer 13

BPH

Question 14

What may cause prostatic cysts?

Answer 14

Coalescing glandular hyperplasia and occlusion

Estrogenic exposure

Question 15

Prostatic cysts result in symmetrical/asymmetrical enlargement.

Answer 15

asymmetrical

Question 16

What dogs is prostatitis often seen in?

Answer 16

Dogs affected by BPH and/or prostatic cysts

Question 17

What pathogens are frequently diagnosed with prostatitis?

Answer 17

E. coli, staph, strep, and mycoplasma

Question 18

How do dogs present in acute prostatitis cases?

Answer 18

Systemically ill, pyuria, stiff gait, painful, fever, painful ejaculation

Question 19

What is the treatment of choice for acute prostatitis?

Answer 19

Course of lipophilic antibiotics based on culture and sensitivity

Question 20

How do dogs present in chronic prostatitis cases?

Answer 20

stiff gait, recurrent UTI, and painful ejaculation

Question 21

What may or may not be associated with chronic prostatitis infections?

Answer 21

concurrent UTI

Question 22

What is the treatment of choice for chronic prostatitis cases?

Answer 22

Course of lipophilic antibiotics based on culture and sensitivity

Question 23

How is prostatitis diagnosed?

Answer 23

PE, transabdominal US, routine BW, and culture and cytology

Question 24

What will you find on culture and cytology of the prostatic fraction/prostatic wash in patients with prostatitis?

Answer 24

red blood cells and inflammatory cells

Question 25

What lipophilic antimicrobials can be used to treat prostatitis?

Answer 25

Fluroquinolones - Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin | Trimethoprim sulfamethoxalone

Question 26

What is the most severe form of protatitis?

Answer 26

prostatic abscess

Question 27

When do prostatic abscesses often form?

Answer 27

under estrogenic exposure from squamous metaplasia as part of BPH

Question 28

Is prostatic neoplasia most frequently noted in castrated or intact males?

Answer 28

castrated

Question 29

What is the most frequently diagnosed prostatic neoplasia?

Answer 29

adenocarcinomas

Question 30

Prostatic adenocarcinomas have a high rate of metastasis. Where do they like to go?

Answer 30

Lymph nodes, lumbar vertebrae, and pelvis

Question 31

What other prostatic neoplasias occur in dogs?

Answer 31

TCC, fibrosarcomas, leiomyosarcoma. and SCC

Question 32

When is diagnosis of prostatic neoplasia often found?

Answer 32

following the detection of metastatic disease

Question 33

True or False: The prostate is always enlarged in cases of neoplasia.

Answer 33

False - it can be enlarged but it can also be 'normal' size

Question 34

What is the treatment for prostatic neoplasia?

Answer 34

Total prostatectomy, radiation, or cyclooxygenase inhibitors

Question 35

When are testicular, epididynal, and/or scrotal abnormalities frequently noted first?

Answer 35

on physical examination and testicular palpation

Question 36

What is the first question you must ask yourself when you feel an abnormality in the scrotum?

Answer 36

Is one testicle too big or is the other too small

Question 37

What neoplasias occur in the testicles?

Answer 37

Sertoli cell tumor, seminoma, and leydig cell tumors

Question 38

Describe what the testicle will feel like if there is a sertoli cell tumor.

Answer 38

Testicle is irregularly enlarged and firm

Question 39

What dogs have an increased risk of sertoli cell tumors?

Answer 39

cryptorchids

Question 40

What is associated with sertoli cell tumors?

Answer 40

feminization, squamous metaplasia, infertility, and BM suppression Metastasis is uncommon

Question 41

Describe what the testicle will feel like if there is a seminoma.

Answer 41

Testicle homogenously enlarged and soft

Question 42

What dogs have an increased risk of seminomas?

Answer 42

cryptorchids

Question 43

Are seminomas hormonally active?

Answer 43

typically not

Question 44

Are seminomas frequently benign or malignant?

Answer 44

benign

Question 45

What will the testicle feel like if there is a Leydig cell tumor?

Answer 45

Testicle enlargement is not common - it is often incidental

Question 46

What may cause leydig cell tumors?

Answer 46

hypersecretion of testosterone

Question 47

How is testicular neoplasia diagnosed?

Answer 47

testicular palpation and ultrasonography

Question 48

How is testicular neoplasia treated?

Answer 48

Unilateral vs. bilateral castration | Treatment of metastasis if applicable

Question 49

Orchitis alone is generally _______.

Answer 49

uncommon

Question 50

What causes epididymitis (+/- orchitis)?

Answer 50

Bacteria

Question 51

What is it paramount to rule out in cases of epididymitis (+/- orchitis)?

Answer 51

Brucella canis

Question 52

What can cause epididymitis (+/- orchitis) in cats?

Answer 52

FIP and trauma

Question 53

How is orchitis and epididymitis treated?

Answer 53

Systemic antimicrobials, anti-inflammatories/analgesics

Question 54

What species can cause Brucellosis in dogs?

Answer 54

Brucella canis | Occasionally B. suis, B. ovis, B. melitensis, or B. abortus

Question 55

What clinical signs are associated with Brucellosis?

Answer 55

Severe epididymitis, orchitis, severe teratospermia, testicular degeneration and atrophy

Question 56

IF there are systemic signs in Brucellosis patients, what can they be?

Answer 56

Diskospondylitis, uveitis, and generalized lymphadenitis

Question 57

You have a dog that tests positive for Brucellosis, what do you do?

Answer 57

CALL THE STATE VET

Question 58

How is Brucellosis treated?

Answer 58

No curable treatment, euthanasia in outbreak cases, castration and prolonged abx to decrease viremia and subsequent shedding

Question 59

What history is associated with testicular degeneration?

Answer 59

Previous fertility and/or normal appearing testes

Question 60

What happens to the testicles in cases of testicular degeneration?

Answer 60

Testicles decrease in size and often become softer. Severe cases may be firm due to significant fibrosis

Question 61

What can testicular degeneration be secondary to?

Answer 61

toxins, epididymitis, orchitis, systemic disease, etc.

Question 62

What is testicular degeneration associated with (reproduction related)?

Answer 62

decreasing fertility, poor morphology, motility, and/or decreasing sperm numbers with the presence of Germ cells

Question 63

What is azospermia?

Answer 63

absence of spermatozoa

Question 64

What is oligospermiia?

Answer 64

reduced number of spermatozoa

Question 65

What do you need to ask yourself when dealing azospermia or oligospermia?

Answer 65

Did he actually ejaculate? Did he ejaculate in the correct direction?

Question 66

How do you confirm ejaculation?

Answer 66

Measure alkaline phosphatase within seminal fluid - >5000 IU/L confirms ejaculation

Question 67

What is alkaline phosphatase produced from?

Answer 67

The caudal epiddiymis

Question 68

What is retrograde ejaculation?

Answer 68

ejaculation into the bladder

Question 69

How do you determine if a dog ejaculated in the correct direction?

Answer 69

Catheterize the urinary bladder and examine for presence of spermatozoa

Question 70

What is testicular biopsy often reserved for?

Answer 70

Cases that are azospermic, or occasionally oligospermic and those considering castration

Question 71

What is lymphoplasmocytic orchitis?

Answer 71

A familial tendency noticed in some breeds (bermese mountain dog and bull mastiff) found on testicular biopsy

Question 72

What is a common penile abnormality associated with young males?

Answer 72

persistent frenulum

Question 73

What other penile abnormalities can happen in dogs?

Answer 73

Penile masses, papillomas, hair rings, preputial foreign body, paraphimosis, phimosis, and priapism

Question 74

What is paraphimosis?

Answer 74

Paraphimosis, the inability to completely reduce the penis into the preputial cavity

Question 75

What is phimosis?

Answer 75

Phimosis is a congenital condition where the opening of the prepuce is too narrow to allow the penis to fully extend.

Question 76

What is priapism?

Answer 76

Persistent penile erection lasting longer than 4 hours in duration without presence of sexual stimulation

Question 77

What can cause priapism?

Answer 77

Neurologic disease, trauma, idiopathic, drug induction

Question 78

How is priapism treated?

Answer 78

Address the primary cause CC flush, phenylephrine Ephedrine/pseudoephedrine and terbutaline for idiopathic cases

Question 79

What is a transmissible venereal tumor?

Answer 79

A contagious round cell tumor

Question 80

Where are transmissible venereal tumors commonly found?

Answer 80

on genital and oral mucosa

Question 81

How are transmissible venereal tumors treated?

Answer 81

Frequently they regress without intervention | Vincristine is highly effective

Question 82

What is balanophosthitis?

Answer 82

inflammation of the penis and prepuce

Question 83

What are the clinical signs/diagnosis of balanoposthitis?

Answer 83

Presence of increased mucopurulent preputial discharge/smegma +/- hyperemia of the penile mucosa

Question 84

What is the most common cause of balanoposthitis?

Answer 84

nuisance or cosmetic concern for the client

Question 85

What do you need to rule out in cases of balanoposthitis?

Answer 85

Presence of hair rings, preputial foreign bodies, penile/preputial masses, and presence of mucosal vesicles

Question 86

What is the treatment for balanoposthitis?

Answer 86

Preputial flush with dilute betadine (often owners do it daily and then it is tapered down) or saline Prevent licking

Question 87

How can male cats get the calico coat?

Answer 87

If they have an abnormality that allows them to have two X chromosomes along with a Y - they are frequently infertile