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Disturbances in Reproduction > SA - Male Reproductive Disease > Flashcards

SA - Male Reproductive Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What diagnostics are available for SA male reproductive disease?

A

History and PE
Semen evaluation
Palpation of prostate and external genitalia
Hormonal assays
Ultrasonography and/or radiography
Biopsy of testes, cytology, prostatic wash, and/or biopsy of prostate gland
Observation of sexual nehavior

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2
Q

Where is the primary site or reproductive disease in the dog?

A

the prostate

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3
Q

____ of intact dogs exhibit histologic evidence of benign prostatic hyperplasia by 5 years of age.

A

50%

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4
Q

____ of intact dogs exhibit histologic evidence of benign prostatic hyperplasia by 9 years of age.

A

> 95%

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5
Q

What clinical signs are associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

Hemospermia and/or hematuria is the most common

Tenesemus, ribbion like stools, possibly dysuria or stranguria

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6
Q

What are patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) more susceptible to?

A

Ascending infection and prostatitis

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7
Q

The prostate is symmetrically/asymmetrically enlarged in BPH?

A

Symmetrically

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8
Q

How is BPH diagnosed?

A

rectal palpation, ultrasound, radiographs, cytology and/or culture

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9
Q

What will you feel on rectal palpation in patients with BPH?

A

Bilobed, firm, symmetrical structure

Enlargement and/or cranial abdominal displacement

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10
Q

What will you see on radiographs in patients with BPH?

A

Prostatic enlargement and/or mineralization

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11
Q

What can cytology and/or culture be taken from in patients with BPH?

A

Prostatic fraction, prostatic wash, ultrasound guided FNA

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12
Q

How is BPH treated?

A

Finasteride or Castration

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13
Q

What are prostatic cysts a sequelae to?

A

BPH

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14
Q

What may cause prostatic cysts?

A

Coalescing glandular hyperplasia and occlusion

Estrogenic exposure

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15
Q

Prostatic cysts result in symmetrical/asymmetrical enlargement.

A

asymmetrical

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16
Q

What dogs is prostatitis often seen in?

A

Dogs affected by BPH and/or prostatic cysts

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17
Q

What pathogens are frequently diagnosed with prostatitis?

A

E. coli, staph, strep, and mycoplasma

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18
Q

How do dogs present in acute prostatitis cases?

A

Systemically ill, pyuria, stiff gait, painful, fever, painful ejaculation

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19
Q

What is the treatment of choice for acute prostatitis?

A

Course of lipophilic antibiotics based on culture and sensitivity

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20
Q

How do dogs present in chronic prostatitis cases?

A

stiff gait, recurrent UTI, and painful ejaculation

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21
Q

What may or may not be associated with chronic prostatitis infections?

A

concurrent UTI

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22
Q

What is the treatment of choice for chronic prostatitis cases?

A

Course of lipophilic antibiotics based on culture and sensitivity

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23
Q

How is prostatitis diagnosed?

A

PE, transabdominal US, routine BW, and culture and cytology

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24
Q

What will you find on culture and cytology of the prostatic fraction/prostatic wash in patients with prostatitis?

A

red blood cells and inflammatory cells

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25
Q

What lipophilic antimicrobials can be used to treat prostatitis?

A

Fluroquinolones - Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin

Trimethoprim sulfamethoxalone

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26
Q

What is the most severe form of protatitis?

A

prostatic abscess

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27
Q

When do prostatic abscesses often form?

A

under estrogenic exposure from squamous metaplasia as part of BPH

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28
Q

Is prostatic neoplasia most frequently noted in castrated or intact males?

A

castrated

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29
Q

What is the most frequently diagnosed prostatic neoplasia?

A

adenocarcinomas

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30
Q

Prostatic adenocarcinomas have a high rate of metastasis. Where do they like to go?

A

Lymph nodes, lumbar vertebrae, and pelvis

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31
Q

What other prostatic neoplasias occur in dogs?

A

TCC, fibrosarcomas, leiomyosarcoma. and SCC

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32
Q

When is diagnosis of prostatic neoplasia often found?

A

following the detection of metastatic disease

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33
Q

True or False: The prostate is always enlarged in cases of neoplasia.

A

False - it can be enlarged but it can also be ‘normal’ size

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34
Q

What is the treatment for prostatic neoplasia?

A

Total prostatectomy, radiation, or cyclooxygenase inhibitors

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35
Q

When are testicular, epididynal, and/or scrotal abnormalities frequently noted first?

A

on physical examination and testicular palpation

36
Q

What is the first question you must ask yourself when you feel an abnormality in the scrotum?

A

Is one testicle too big or is the other too small

37
Q

What neoplasias occur in the testicles?

A

Sertoli cell tumor, seminoma, and leydig cell tumors

38
Q

Describe what the testicle will feel like if there is a sertoli cell tumor.

A

Testicle is irregularly enlarged and firm

39
Q

What dogs have an increased risk of sertoli cell tumors?

A

cryptorchids

40
Q

What is associated with sertoli cell tumors?

A

feminization, squamous metaplasia, infertility, and BM suppression
Metastasis is uncommon

41
Q

Describe what the testicle will feel like if there is a seminoma.

A

Testicle homogenously enlarged and soft

42
Q

What dogs have an increased risk of seminomas?

A

cryptorchids

43
Q

Are seminomas hormonally active?

A

typically not

44
Q

Are seminomas frequently benign or malignant?

A

benign

45
Q

What will the testicle feel like if there is a Leydig cell tumor?

A

Testicle enlargement is not common - it is often incidental

46
Q

What may cause leydig cell tumors?

A

hypersecretion of testosterone

47
Q

How is testicular neoplasia diagnosed?

A

testicular palpation and ultrasonography

48
Q

How is testicular neoplasia treated?

A

Unilateral vs. bilateral castration

Treatment of metastasis if applicable

49
Q

Orchitis alone is generally _______.

A

uncommon

50
Q

What causes epididymitis (+/- orchitis)?

A

Bacteria

51
Q

What is it paramount to rule out in cases of epididymitis (+/- orchitis)?

A

Brucella canis

52
Q

What can cause epididymitis (+/- orchitis) in cats?

A

FIP and trauma

53
Q

How is orchitis and epididymitis treated?

A

Systemic antimicrobials, anti-inflammatories/analgesics

54
Q

What species can cause Brucellosis in dogs?

A

Brucella canis

Occasionally B. suis, B. ovis, B. melitensis, or B. abortus

55
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Brucellosis?

A

Severe epididymitis, orchitis, severe teratospermia, testicular degeneration and atrophy

56
Q

IF there are systemic signs in Brucellosis patients, what can they be?

A

Diskospondylitis, uveitis, and generalized lymphadenitis

57
Q

You have a dog that tests positive for Brucellosis, what do you do?

A

CALL THE STATE VET

58
Q

How is Brucellosis treated?

A

No curable treatment, euthanasia in outbreak cases, castration and prolonged abx to decrease viremia and subsequent shedding

59
Q

What history is associated with testicular degeneration?

A

Previous fertility and/or normal appearing testes

60
Q

What happens to the testicles in cases of testicular degeneration?

A

Testicles decrease in size and often become softer. Severe cases may be firm due to significant fibrosis

61
Q

What can testicular degeneration be secondary to?

A

toxins, epididymitis, orchitis, systemic disease, etc.

62
Q

What is testicular degeneration associated with (reproduction related)?

A

decreasing fertility, poor morphology, motility, and/or decreasing sperm numbers with the presence of Germ cells

63
Q

What is azospermia?

A

absence of spermatozoa

64
Q

What is oligospermiia?

A

reduced number of spermatozoa

65
Q

What do you need to ask yourself when dealing azospermia or oligospermia?

A

Did he actually ejaculate? Did he ejaculate in the correct direction?

66
Q

How do you confirm ejaculation?

A

Measure alkaline phosphatase within seminal fluid - >5000 IU/L confirms ejaculation

67
Q

What is alkaline phosphatase produced from?

A

The caudal epiddiymis

68
Q

What is retrograde ejaculation?

A

ejaculation into the bladder

69
Q

How do you determine if a dog ejaculated in the correct direction?

A

Catheterize the urinary bladder and examine for presence of spermatozoa

70
Q

What is testicular biopsy often reserved for?

A

Cases that are azospermic, or occasionally oligospermic and those considering castration

71
Q

What is lymphoplasmocytic orchitis?

A

A familial tendency noticed in some breeds (bermese mountain dog and bull mastiff) found on testicular biopsy

72
Q

What is a common penile abnormality associated with young males?

A

persistent frenulum

73
Q

What other penile abnormalities can happen in dogs?

A

Penile masses, papillomas, hair rings, preputial foreign body, paraphimosis, phimosis, and priapism

74
Q

What is paraphimosis?

A

Paraphimosis, the inability to completely reduce the penis into the preputial cavity

75
Q

What is phimosis?

A

Phimosis is a congenital condition where the opening of the prepuce is too narrow to allow the penis to fully extend.

76
Q

What is priapism?

A

Persistent penile erection lasting longer than 4 hours in duration without presence of sexual stimulation

77
Q

What can cause priapism?

A

Neurologic disease, trauma, idiopathic, drug induction

78
Q

How is priapism treated?

A

Address the primary cause
CC flush, phenylephrine
Ephedrine/pseudoephedrine and terbutaline for idiopathic cases

79
Q

What is a transmissible venereal tumor?

A

A contagious round cell tumor

80
Q

Where are transmissible venereal tumors commonly found?

A

on genital and oral mucosa

81
Q

How are transmissible venereal tumors treated?

A

Frequently they regress without intervention

Vincristine is highly effective

82
Q

What is balanophosthitis?

A

inflammation of the penis and prepuce

83
Q

What are the clinical signs/diagnosis of balanoposthitis?

A

Presence of increased mucopurulent preputial discharge/smegma +/- hyperemia of the penile mucosa

84
Q

What is the most common cause of balanoposthitis?

A

nuisance or cosmetic concern for the client

85
Q

What do you need to rule out in cases of balanoposthitis?

A

Presence of hair rings, preputial foreign bodies, penile/preputial masses, and presence of mucosal vesicles

86
Q

What is the treatment for balanoposthitis?

A

Preputial flush with dilute betadine (often owners do it daily and then it is tapered down) or saline
Prevent licking

87
Q

How can male cats get the calico coat?

A

If they have an abnormality that allows them to have two X chromosomes along with a Y - they are frequently infertile

Disturbances in Reproduction (49 decks)

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