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Disturbances in Reproduction > SA - Canine Parturition, Pregnancy, and Dystocia > Flashcards

SA - Canine Parturition, Pregnancy, and Dystocia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the nutrition recommendations of the first 1/2 of canine pregnancy?

A

Well balanced dog food, raw diets are NOT recommended, and no supplements are required

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2
Q

What are the nutrition recommendations of the second 1/2 of canine pregnancy?

A

Recommended high protein diet, double the amount fed by the time of whelping, and triple 2 weeks post-whelping, no supplements required, keep plenty of fresh water in a clean bowl

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3
Q

If you are going to vaccinate a dog that you want to breed, when should you vaccinate it?

A

At least 2 weeks prior to onset of proestrus

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4
Q

What intestinal parasites do you need to control for in pregnant canines?

A

hookworms and roundworms

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5
Q

What dewormer is safe for pregnant canines?

A

Panacur

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6
Q

What heartworm preventatives are safe for pregnant canines?

A

Heartgard, Ivomec, and Interceptor

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7
Q

What preventative is good for flea/tick/heartworm?

A

Revolution and Advantage Multi

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8
Q

What preventative is good for just flea/tick prevention?

A

Frontline

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9
Q

What should you have in your whelping kit?

A

Sterile lubricant, towels, warmth source, mucus trap/suction bulb, 1’ x 25 g needles, thin string/umbilical tape, small hemostats, scale, nursing bottles, and milk replacer

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10
Q

What hormone is required for maintenance of pregnancy in the dog?

A

progesterone

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11
Q

When does progesterone peak in canine pregnancy?

A

15-30 days after the LH surge

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12
Q

When is the rapid decline of progesterone in canine pregnancy?

A

24 hours prior to whelping

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13
Q

What is the only known specific pregnancy-associated protein in dogs?

A

Relaxin

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14
Q

What produces relaxin?

A

The placenta

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15
Q

When do relaxin levels begin to elevate and how long do they stay elevated?

A

Elevated from day 24 post LH surge until day 30 into lactation (post whelping)

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16
Q

When do the embryos enter the uterus?

A

Day 10

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17
Q

What happens prior to implantation of the embryos into the uterus in dogs?

A

They float freely within the uterine lumen and are nourished by uterine milk. Migration occurs between the uterine horns and blastocysts space themselves evenly between the horns

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18
Q

When does embryo migration end?

A

Day 16

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19
Q

When does embryonic implantation occur by?

A

Day 22

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20
Q

What type of placenta do dogs have?

A

Endotheliochorial, zonary (circumferential), and modified deciduate

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21
Q

What structures are formed at the edges of the zonary bands, what are they formed from, and what do they contain?

A

Marginal hematomas are formed from maternal blood and contain uteroverdin

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22
Q

During what period are fetuses highly sensitive to drugs and potential teratogens?

A

Embryogenesis

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23
Q

What are some possible teratogens?

A

Not a complete list: Aspirin, Chloramphenicol, Griseofulvin, Carbaryl, Dichlorvos, Corticosteroids, Anabolic steroids, Vitamin A and D, and Exogenous hormones

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24
Q

When can transabdominal palpation diagnose a pregnancy? What will you feel?

A

Day 25-40 from the LH surge is the best window for this and you will feel a string of large pearls

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25
Q

What blood test can you do to diagnose pregnancy?

A

relaxin test

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26
Q

When can a heartbeat be detected on transabdominal ultrasound? What else can be seen at this time?

A

Day 25-30 post LH surge

You can also see embryonic vesicles

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27
Q

When is the vesicle first detectable on ultrasound?

A

Days 19-23 post LH surge

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28
Q

If you don’t know when your patient ovulated, when is the recommended time to do transabdominal ultrasound?

A

4+ weeks following breeding and then recheck 7-10 days if negative ultrasound to confirm

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29
Q

What is occurring to the embryo at day 42 post LH surge that you can see on ultrasound?

A

The embryo is undergoing organogenesis

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30
Q

When is the most accurate time to estimate gestational age via ultrasound?

A

Days 30-40 - measurements should be performed on at least 2 fetuses

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31
Q

What measurements can be taken to estimate gestational age?

A

Crown rump length, head diameter, and body diameter

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32
Q

Note…. flip

A

The specific calculations for estimated gestational age are not in this flashcard set

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33
Q

What is the yellow line?

A

Biparietal head diameter (HD)

34
Q

What is the green line?

A

Crown rump length (CRL)

35
Q

What is the blue line?

A

body diameter (BD)

36
Q

At day 48 of canine pregnancy, what can you detect on a radiograph?

A

the skull and spine

37
Q

At days 60-61 of canine pregnancy, what can you detect on a radiograph?

A

teeth and digits

38
Q

When should you check for mastitis?

A

You should check daily 1-2 days prior to whelping and continuing through the first 3 weeks of lactation

39
Q

What clinical signs are associated with mastitis?

A

Firm, painful and/or reddened glands, and abnormal color or blood in the milk

40
Q

What is the mean parturition date?

A

day 65 from LH surge

41
Q

When is a female considered overdue for whelping?

A

72 or more days from her last breeding

65 or more days from day of ovulation

60 or more days from onset of diestrus

42
Q

Why is timing of pregnancy so critical?

A

A great deal of organ development occurs in the last few days of gestation.

Puppies removed >24 days before natural whelping generally results in stillborn or ill-thriving puppies

Puppies > 48 hours overdue are usually non-viable

43
Q

A delay of ___ hours after onset of Stage II labor will result in loss of all puppies.

A

24

44
Q

What happens to the pregnant dogs temperature 24-48 hours prior to whelping?

A

It drops to 98 degrees - it is not always reliable

45
Q

If you see teeth and digits on radiographs, how soon will whelping occur?

A

< 3-8 days

46
Q

If you see peristalsis and kidney development on abdominal ultrasound, how soon will whelping occur?

A

< 3 days

47
Q

What is a good monitoring service that monitors for uterine contractions and has an uterine Doppler for use in your home?

A

WhelpWise

48
Q

What occurs during Stage I of parturition?

A

Vaginal relaxation and cervical dilation. It is the beginning of uterine contractions +/- abdominal straining

49
Q

How long is stage I of parturition?

A

6-24 hours

50
Q

What behavioral changes occur during stage I of parturition?

A

Agitated, restlessness, nesting, may refuse food and vomit

51
Q

How long is stage 2 of parturition in the dog?

A

6-12 hours, rarely 24 hours

52
Q

What occurs during stage 2 of parturition?

A

Puppies are delivered and abdominal contractions are visible

53
Q

When is the average delivery time for each puppy?

A

A delivery every 30-60 minutes

54
Q

Is posterior presentation abnormal in parturition?

A

No - 40% of fetuses are delivered this way

55
Q

True or False: If disturbed, dogs can voluntarily inhibit the 2nd stage of parturition.

A

True

56
Q

What is the normal behavior of the dam after each fetus is delivered?

A

To lick the neonate vigorously to clear the airways and stimulate respiration

57
Q

What occurs during stage 3 of parturition?

A

Delivery of the fetal membranes

58
Q

When are placentas typically discharged after each fetus is delivered?

A

Typically within 5-15 minutes after each pup

59
Q

When should the placenta be delivered from the time of the last fetus?

A

It should be passed within 4-6 hours from the delivery of the last fetus

60
Q

What immediate puppy care should be done once they are born?

A

Remove the membranes covering the face, rub with a dry towel to stimulate breathing, and tie or suture the umbilical cord 1 inch from the body

61
Q

What is considered abnormal during parturition?

A

Black or green discharge prior to delivery of the first puppy

20-30 minutes of strong contractions with no puppy being delivered

2-3 hours of weak, infrequent expulsive efforts failing to produce a puppy

2-3 hours between puppies

Obvious problem such as a puppy displaced within the birth canal

62
Q

What is the overall incidence of dystocia?

A

5%

63
Q

What are the maternal causes for dystocia?

A

Pelvic anomalies, uterine anomalies/inertia, vulvar anomalies, and vaginal anomalies

64
Q

What are the fetal causes for dystocia?

A

Single fetuses, uterine distension, fetal oversize, fetal monsters, fetal death, anasarca and abnormal presentation, posture, and position

65
Q

What is the most common maternal cause of dystocia?

A

Primary uterine inertia

66
Q

What is primary uterine inertia?

A

Failure to expel a normal-sized fetus(es) through a normal birth canal except for an incompletely dilated cervix or lack of uterine contractions

67
Q

What is complete primary uterine inertia?

A

Absence of signs of 2nd stage labor

68
Q

What is partial primary uterine inertia?

A

2nd stage labor stops before fetal expulsion occurs

69
Q

What are the maternal causes of primary uterine inertia?

A

Hypocalcemia and heritable tendency to primary inertia

70
Q

What are the fetal causes of primary uterine inertia?

A

single fetus and uterine distension

71
Q

What is secondary uterine inertia?

A

Prolonged uterine contractions fail to expel a fetus obstructing the birth canal or failure to expel the fetuses

72
Q

How is primary and secondary uterine inertia diagnosed?

A

Based on history - make sure to rule out nervous voluntary inhibition of labor

73
Q

What is anasarca?

A

Fetal edema; hydrops

74
Q

What is the diagnostic approach to managing dystocia?

A

Thorough history, general examination, obstetrical examination, and imaging

75
Q

Is surgery the only option for dystocia management?

A

No - first rule out premature labor (Ultrasound and Rads)

76
Q

Aside from surgery, what can be done to manage dystocia?

A

Manually correct a mal-positioned fetus, and medical management

77
Q

What are the indications for medical management in dystocia?

A

Dam is in good health, labor has not been excessive in length, cervix is dilated and fetal size/position permits vaginal birth

78
Q

Can tranquilizers be used as medical management of dystocia?

A

Yes, they can be used to overcome voluntary inhibition of parturition but it depresses the fetuses

79
Q

What medical management can be done for dystocia?

A

Correct the underlying medical problems and oxytocin and calcium gluconate administration

80
Q

How quickly should a pup be delivered if the mom is given oxytocin and calcium gluconate?

A

within 30 minutes of treatment

81
Q

What are the negative side effects associated with giving oxytocin and calcium gluconate administration?

A

Increased fetal stress and a higher stillborn rate

82
Q

When should an owner seek veterinary assistance post-whelping?

A

If the rectal temperature is greater than 102 F

If there is odorous or excessive vulvar discharge

If there is any trembling, twitching, rigidity, or excessive facial twitching

If there are any signs of depression or disinterest in puppies

Disturbances in Reproduction (49 decks)

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