Bovine - Male Breeding Issues Flashcards
What are the signs of testicular degeneration?
decreased scrotal circumference, soft testicles, and extremely low number of normal cells
What are the two types of testicular degeneration and which is most common?
temporary (more common) and permanent
Temporary testicular degeneration is associated with a loss of ____ in the _____.
cells, lumen
How is temporary testicular degeneration resolved?
by removing the insult
When is testicular degeneration classified as permanent?
when there are no improvements over time
What are the causes of temporary testicular changes?
obesity/heat, infection (internal or external), and nutritional deficiencies
What are the causes of permanent testicular changes?
reduced scrotal circumference early in life, blockage of sperm outflow, trauma, and infection
How are testicular changes diagnosed?
typically in the spermogram -can look via ultrasound
When is prognosis of testicular changes determined?
Typically after a reevaluation a couple of months later - if it resolves, great, if not then we may have a permanent problem
When should separation from the prepucial epithelium and the free end of the penis be complete?
by 8-11 months of age
What is the effect of incomplete separation?
the penis cannot completely extend out of the prepuce
What is the treatment for incomplete separation of penile and prepucial epithelium?
gentle traction to separate tissues
What is a potential complication with treatment of an incomplete separation of penile and prepucial epithelium?
a hematoma - usually self-limiting
What is the frenulum of the penis?
a thin band of tissue from ventral midline of free portion of penis to prepucial epithelium near the base of the free portion
When should the frenulum dissipate?
during maturation
How does a persistent frenulum typically present?
a sharp bend ventrally to the distal end of the penis
What is the etiology of a persistent frenulum?
it is unknown - there is a potential for heritability in some breeds
What should affected bulls with persistent frenulum be used as?
terminal sires
How is persistent frenulum treated?
with breakdown or cautery
What breeds are predisposed for prepucial issues and why?
Bos indicus pendulous sheaths have a large orifice increasing the potential for trauma
What is the most common occurrence of prepucial injury?
at the time of ejaculatory lunge
When does preputial laceration occur?
during mating, there is entrapment of preputial tissue
Where does preputial laceration primarily occur and in what direction?
on the ventrum of the prepuce - it is longitudinally oriented
When the bull tries to retract their prepuce, what direction is the laceration oriented?
transversely - it becomes shriveled up
How may the prepuce appear after a preputial laceration and why?
it has an ‘elephant trunk’ appearance because it may not be able to be fully retracted due to edema and inflammation
What is a category I preputial prolapse described as?
Simple preputial prolapse with slight to moderate edema without laceration, necrosis, or fibrosis
What is the treatment and prognosis for a category I preputial prolapse?
either conservative or surgical treatment with good prognosis
What is a category II preputial prolapse described as?
The prolapsed prepuce has moderate to severe edema, may have superficial lacerations or slight necrosis, but has no evidence of fibrosis
What is the treatment and prognosis for a category II preputial prolapse?
Surgery is the usual course of therapy with a good to guarded prognosis
What is a category III preputial prolapse described as?
There is severe edema of the prolapsed prepuce with deep lacerations, moderate necrosis, and slight fibrosis
What is the treatment and prognosis for a category III preputial prolapse?
Surgery is indicated and the prognosis is guarded
What is a category IV preputial prolapse described as?
The prolapsed prepuce has been exposed for quite some time and has severe edema, deep lacerations, deep necrosis, fibrosis, and often abscess
What is the treatment and prognosis for a category IV preputial prolapse?
Surgery and salvage by slaughter are the only options, and a guarded to poor prognosis follows surgery
What are the goals of medical management of preputial issues?
control sepsis, reduce edema, and return damaged tissue to the prepuce
How do you control sepsis in the prepuce?
flush and clean, systemic antibiotics if necessary, and topical antibioticss
When bandaging, what do you want to make sure to do?
Avoid blood flow restricting (tight but not too tight), prevent infection and drying out of the exposed tissues, clean and cover all areas with amollient, +/- support
What materials do you need for bandaging the prepuce?
tubing, stockinette or brown gauze, and elasticon
What is the purpose of tubing when bandaging the prepuce?
It is put into the preputial orifice so that the bull can still urinate
How often should preputial bandages be changed?
daily - sometimes twice a day
Why would you want to do hydrotherapy for a prepucial injury and how often?
to reduce edema - 15-20 minutes SID-BID
How long should sexual rest be for with a bull that has preputial injury?
60-80 days, then re-evaluate if the penis can fully extend and retract
Before surgery is done for a preputial laceration, what must be done first?
Medical management must be done first and you have to give it time to heal and granulate
Why would you want to do surgery for a preputial laceration?
when the value of the bull outweighs the cost
What is the approach of a preputial laceration surgical repair?
extension of penis and prepuce (+/- incision on fibrosis), resection and anastomosis (circumcision), and place penis and prepuce back in the cavity
What are some complications associated with preputial lacerations?
develop retropreputail abscess if the prepuse doesn’t prolapse, injury occurs longitudinally and heals transversely leading to restricted blood flow, penis is entrapped in necrotic, fibrotic tissue, fibrotic and granulation tissue is too extensive, and/or dehiscence
What breeds have a higher incidence of retropreputial abscess and why?
Bos taurus because they have tighter sheaths around their penis
What do retropreputial abscesses look like?
obvious swelling +/- pus or blood
How do you diagnose retropreputial abscess?
PE, palpation +/- ultrasound, the prepuse will be nonsymmetrical distal to the sigmoid flexure
How do you treat retropreputial abscesses?
antibiotics, wound management, and hydrotherapy
What should you avoid when treating retropreputial abscesses?
opening the sheath
What is the prognosis for retropreputial abscesses?
poor
What are the types of prepucial stenosis?
congenital or acquired
What can cause acquired prepucial stenosis?
trauma, frostbite, or balanoposthitis
What is the medical treatment for prepucial stenosis?
sexual rest, emollients, and hydrotherapy
What is the surgical treatment for prepucial stenosis?
incise fibrotic tissue and resection
What anatomically causes penile hematomas?
rupture of the tunica albuginea of penis
What can cause a penile hematoma?
mistimed lunge, sudden cow movement
Where anatomically on the penis do penile hematomas occur?
on the dorsum of the penis, cranial to the scrotum, near the sigmoid flexure
How does a penile hematoma present?
the penis/prepuse looks symmetrically increased in size due to repeated sexual stimulation and erections
How are penile hematomas diagnosed?
history and palpation +/- US
What is another differential for a penile hematoma?
retroprepucial abscess
What is the prognosis for penile hematomas?
they are not usually life threatening but do have the potential to reduce reproductive function and of prolapsing of the prepucial tissue
What complications are associated with penile hematomas?
abscess formation, adhesions, vascular shunt formation, damage to prolapse tissue, and/or potential denervation of dorsal nerves
What is the preferred medical management for penile hematomas?
antibiotics, cold water hydrotherapy BID, +/- anti-inflamatories
If there is delayed treatment or the owner is worried about value, is medical management or surgical management the treatment of choice?
medical management
What treatment is done surgically for penile hematomas?
if recognized early, removal of the blood clot and to repair the ‘rent’
What is the recommended sexual rest for penile hematomas?
60 days
Where is the dorsal apical ligament located?
On the dorsum of the penis from the free portion of the penis to the tunica albuginea near distal end of CCP
What does the dorsal apical ligament do?
gives support to erect penis and striaght alignment
What can cause penile deviation?
there is a potential for slipping of the dorsal apical ligament after intromission to the left and it can happen iatrogenic with electroejaculation
What are the potential causes of spiral penile deviation?
shortened ligament, lengthening penis, normal deviation at peak erection, or premature peak erection
How is spiral penile deviation diagnosed?
observation during mating
How is spiral penile deviation treated?
surgical correction
What is ventral penile deviation also known as?
rainbow penis
What is the etiology of ventral penile deviation?
unknown - starts proximal to apical origin
When is ventral penile deviation diagnosed?
during mating, there is entrapment of preputial tissue
How is ventral penile deviation treated?
supplementation of the apical ligament - success is questionable
What is the etiology of S-shaped penile deviation?
it is unknown - believed to be due to a difference in length versus the apical ligament
How do you diagnose S-shaped penile deviation?
mating
How do you treat s-shaped penile deviation?
supplementation of the apical ligament - success is questionable
