SA - Feline Reproductive Disease 2 Flashcards
What is pseudopregnancy also known as?
Pseudocyesis
What clinical signs are associated with pseudopregnancy?
Mammary development +/- lactation, depression and apathy, and maternal behavior
What maternal behaviors do females with pseudopregnancy exhibit?
Nesting, maternal care of lovies, and occasional aggression
What causes pseudoprenancy?
A drop in progesterone with a high level of prolactin
When does pseudopregnancy occur?
End of diestrus, diestral ovariohysterectomy, and cessation of progesterone therapy
True or False: Cats get pseudopregnancy just like dogs do for the same causes.
False - it is a normal stage in their non-pregnant estrous cycle
How is pseudopregnancy diagnosed?
Presence of clinical signs in non-pregnant female
How is pseudopregnancy treated?
Remove source of attention, prevent mammary stimulation, increase exercise and mental stimulation, and give a prolactin antagonist
What prolactin antagonist can be given to treat pseudopregnancy?
Cabergoine and Bromocryptine
What species typically gets mammary hyperplasia?
Cats - females; rarely males
What is mammary hyperplasia also known as?
fibroadenomatous hypertrophy
What causes mammary hyperplasia?
An exaggerated response to the presence of progesterone
What is mammary hyperplasia?
Diffuse mammary gland development and edema +/- associated dermatologic lesions such as ulcerations
What is a curative treatment for mammary hyperplasia?
spay
Aside from a spay, what can be done to treat mammary hyperplasia?
progesterone antagonists
Mastitis is primarily a condition of the ________ dog.
postpartum
What is mastitis?
A bacterial infection and inflammation of one or multiple mammary glands
How is mastitis transmitted?
Nursing, trauma, poor whelping/queening, box hygiene, rarely hematogenous spread
What are the mild clinical signs of mastitis?
Swollen painful, hyperemic inflamed mammary gland
Occasionally pyrexia, inappetence, lethargy
What are the severe clinical signs of mastitis?
Swollen, painful, hyperemic inflamed mammary gland
Systemic illness: pyrexia, anorexia, and lethargy
Reluctance or avoidance for nursing
Abscessation and/or necrosis of the mammary glands
How is mastitis diagnosed?
Presence of inflamed mammary gland on physical examination
Ultrasound
Presence of purulent, stringy, hemorrhagic, or gray mammary secretions
Milk cytology
Milk culture
CBC/Chemistry
What will you find on US of the mammary gland in a patient that has mastitis?
abscessation and fluid accumulation
What will you find on milk cytology in a patient with mastitis?
suppurative inflammation and/or bacteria
What common isolates will you find on a milk culture in a patient with mastitis?
E. coli, Staph species, and Strep species
How is mastitis treated?
Broad spectrum abx, carprofen, warm compress, frequent milk stripping, and application of boiled cabbage leaves
When should you not continue nursing in a patient with mastitis?
if they are severely ill or have glandular necrosis
What should you do if a patient has mastitis and areas of abscessation?
Surgical draining and lavage
In severe cases of mastitis, what is the treatment?
mastectomy
What is hypocalcemia in the post partum female also known as?
puerperal tetany or eclampsia
When is hypocalcemia most common in the postpartum female?
in the first few days to week postpartum, but it can occur late in gestation
What are the predisposing factors to hypocalcemia in the postpartum female?
Large litters, maiden females, and potentially small breed dogs
What are the clinical signs associated with hypocalcemia?
Anxiousness, behavioral changes, diarrhea, pyrexia (dogs), trembling and/or twitching, stiff gait, tachycardia, seizures, and death
What sign may cats show if they have hypocalcemia?
signs of hypothermia
How is hypocalcemia in the postpartum female diagnosed?
Low ionized calcium, history and/or physical signs
What is the treatment for postpartum hypocalcemia?
Oral calcium or intravenous or subcutaneous 10% calcium gluconate
When should puppies be weaned in cases of hypocalcemia?
If it is severe
What is metritis?
infection and inflammation of the postpartum uterus
When is metritis most common?
3 days - 1 week postpartum
What are the causes/predisposing factors of metritis?
Ascending infection, retained fetuses, dystocia, obstetrical manipulation, etc.
How is metritis diagnosed?
CBC/Chemistry
Abdominal ultrasound
vaginal cytology
What will you see on CBC/Chemistry in patients with metritis?
Leukocytosis or leukopenia +/- a degenerative left shift
What will you see on ultrasound in a patient with metritis?
Uterine thickening and intrauterine fluid
What will you see on a vaginal cytology in a patient with metritis?
neutrophils and bacteria
How are most cases of metritis treated?
Broad spectrum antibiotics +/- oxytocin or prostaglandins for uterine clearance
How are metritis cases with significant systemic disease and/or sepsis treated?
Hospitalization, supportive care, intravenous abx
What is SIPS?
Subinvolution of placental sites
What age group is SIPS most common in?
young, first litter dams
What causes SIPS?
a delayed regression of trophoblastic cells that have embedded into the endometrium
What signs are associated with SIPS?
persistent vaginal discharge for > 12 weeks postpartum - anemia is rare but possible
How is SIPS diagnosed?
Histopathology and vaginal cytology
What cells are found on vaginal cytology in patients with SIPS?
decidua cells
How is SIPS treated?
Time and/or supportive care for anemia if present
Is uterine prolapse more common in dogs or cats?
cats
What are the predisposing factors to uterine prolapse?
Severe tenesmus or straining
Incomplete placental separation
Relaxation or atony of the uterus
Excessive relaxation of the pelvic/perineal region
What are the clinical signs of a uterine prolapse?
They depend on the degree of prolapse: discomfort, straining, visible tubular prolapse, and hemodynamic shock-uterine artery rupture
How is uterine prolapse treated?
Lubrication, reduce edema, manual replacement, and a spay
What can be done to reduce edema in cases of uterine prolapse?
Hydrotherapy, compression, and/or sugar application
What type of reproductive neoplasias do females get? What is the most common?
Adenocarcinoma - most common
Granulosa cell tumor/Granulosa cell theca cell tumor
Other: luteoma, thecoma, metastatic disease
What uncommon reproductive neoplasias are found in the uterus and vagina?
Leiomyoma and leiomyosarcomas
What is one of the most common forms of cancer in small animals?
mammary neoplasia
What percentage of mammary neoplasias are benign in dogs? Malignant in cats?
Dogs - 50% benign
Cats - 90% malignant
What is the chance of developing a mammary neoplasia in a dog if you spay prior to the first heat? After the first heat?
Prior - 0.8%
After - 8%
What is the number one cause of infertility?
poor management
Aside from poor management, what else can cause infertility in the female?
Poor semen quality, infectious cause, and reproductive abnormality
What infectious agents can cause infertility?
Canine brucellosis and canine herpesvirus
What Brucella species causes Brucellosis in dogs?
Brucella canis is the most common
B. suis, B. ovis, B. melitensis, or B. abortus
What reproductive clinical signs are associated with canine brucellosis?
Infertility, abortion, and poor thriving or fading neonates
What systemic signs are associated with brucellosis?
They are rare, but diskospondylitis, uveitis, and generalized lymphadenitis
What public health risk does Brucellosis pose?
It is zoonotic - it is a reportable disease in Iowa
Once you treat Brucellosis, is it gone?
no - it is a life-long infection
Where does Brucellosis reside in the female reproductive tract?
In the uterus and thus transferred to the puppies
Where does Brucellosis reside in the male reproductive tract?
Epididymis, prostate, and testis
How is Brucellosis treated?
There is no curable treatment, euthanasia in outbreaks, or castration and prolonged courses of antibiotics to decrease bacteremia and shedding
Where does the latent form of Canine herpes virus reside?
ganglia, salivary glands, and tonsils
What can reactivate canine herpes virus?
Stress, medications, systemic diseases, whelping, lactation, and estrus
How is canine herpes virus transmitted?
aerosolized secretions, venereal, and transplacental
What can canine herpes virus cause reproductively?
Infertility with early embryonic loss, resorptions, small litter sizes, small weak neonates, abortions, stillbirths, mummies, death of pups shortly after birth, and fading puppy syndrome
How is canine herpes virus diagnosed?
Virus isolation, serology, or histopatholohy
How is canine herpes virus prevented?
Isolate the bitch from other dogs following breeding, through pregnancy, and up to 3 weeks after whelping
Minimize and avoid stress
Disinfection
Vaccination (in Europe)
What reproductive abnormalities can cause infertility?
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia, ovarian cysts, bacterial endometritis and/or placentitis, and hypoluteoidism
What can ovarian cysts cause?
Prolononged anestrus and prolonged estrus behavior
What is used to diagnose ovarian cysts?
ultrasound
How are ovarian cysts treated?
Induce ovulation/leuteinization (GnRH vs. HCG) or ultrasound guided aspiration
How does bacterial endometritis and/or placentitis present?
vaginal discharge and/or resorptions in a pregnant female
How is bacterial endometritis and/or placentitis treated?
systemic antimicrobials
What is hypoluteoidism?
low progesterone to maintain pregnancy
How is hypoluteoidism treated?
Progestin supplementation or Terbutaline
What does Terbutaline do?
Promotes uterine quiescence with signs of premature labor
