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Disturbances in Reproduction > SA - Feline Reproductive Disease 2 > Flashcards

SA - Feline Reproductive Disease 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is pseudopregnancy also known as?

A

Pseudocyesis

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2
Q

What clinical signs are associated with pseudopregnancy?

A

Mammary development +/- lactation, depression and apathy, and maternal behavior

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3
Q

What maternal behaviors do females with pseudopregnancy exhibit?

A

Nesting, maternal care of lovies, and occasional aggression

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4
Q

What causes pseudoprenancy?

A

A drop in progesterone with a high level of prolactin

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5
Q

When does pseudopregnancy occur?

A

End of diestrus, diestral ovariohysterectomy, and cessation of progesterone therapy

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6
Q

True or False: Cats get pseudopregnancy just like dogs do for the same causes.

A

False - it is a normal stage in their non-pregnant estrous cycle

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7
Q

How is pseudopregnancy diagnosed?

A

Presence of clinical signs in non-pregnant female

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8
Q

How is pseudopregnancy treated?

A

Remove source of attention, prevent mammary stimulation, increase exercise and mental stimulation, and give a prolactin antagonist

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9
Q

What prolactin antagonist can be given to treat pseudopregnancy?

A

Cabergoine and Bromocryptine

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10
Q

What species typically gets mammary hyperplasia?

A

Cats - females; rarely males

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11
Q

What is mammary hyperplasia also known as?

A

fibroadenomatous hypertrophy

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12
Q

What causes mammary hyperplasia?

A

An exaggerated response to the presence of progesterone

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13
Q

What is mammary hyperplasia?

A

Diffuse mammary gland development and edema +/- associated dermatologic lesions such as ulcerations

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14
Q

What is a curative treatment for mammary hyperplasia?

A

spay

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15
Q

Aside from a spay, what can be done to treat mammary hyperplasia?

A

progesterone antagonists

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16
Q

Mastitis is primarily a condition of the ________ dog.

A

postpartum

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17
Q

What is mastitis?

A

A bacterial infection and inflammation of one or multiple mammary glands

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18
Q

How is mastitis transmitted?

A

Nursing, trauma, poor whelping/queening, box hygiene, rarely hematogenous spread

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19
Q

What are the mild clinical signs of mastitis?

A

Swollen painful, hyperemic inflamed mammary gland

Occasionally pyrexia, inappetence, lethargy

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20
Q

What are the severe clinical signs of mastitis?

A

Swollen, painful, hyperemic inflamed mammary gland
Systemic illness: pyrexia, anorexia, and lethargy
Reluctance or avoidance for nursing
Abscessation and/or necrosis of the mammary glands

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21
Q

How is mastitis diagnosed?

A

Presence of inflamed mammary gland on physical examination
Ultrasound
Presence of purulent, stringy, hemorrhagic, or gray mammary secretions
Milk cytology
Milk culture
CBC/Chemistry

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22
Q

What will you find on US of the mammary gland in a patient that has mastitis?

A

abscessation and fluid accumulation

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23
Q

What will you find on milk cytology in a patient with mastitis?

A

suppurative inflammation and/or bacteria

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24
Q

What common isolates will you find on a milk culture in a patient with mastitis?

A

E. coli, Staph species, and Strep species

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25
Q

How is mastitis treated?

A

Broad spectrum abx, carprofen, warm compress, frequent milk stripping, and application of boiled cabbage leaves

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26
Q

When should you not continue nursing in a patient with mastitis?

A

if they are severely ill or have glandular necrosis

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27
Q

What should you do if a patient has mastitis and areas of abscessation?

A

Surgical draining and lavage

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28
Q

In severe cases of mastitis, what is the treatment?

A

mastectomy

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29
Q

What is hypocalcemia in the post partum female also known as?

A

puerperal tetany or eclampsia

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30
Q

When is hypocalcemia most common in the postpartum female?

A

in the first few days to week postpartum, but it can occur late in gestation

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31
Q

What are the predisposing factors to hypocalcemia in the postpartum female?

A

Large litters, maiden females, and potentially small breed dogs

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32
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with hypocalcemia?

A

Anxiousness, behavioral changes, diarrhea, pyrexia (dogs), trembling and/or twitching, stiff gait, tachycardia, seizures, and death

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33
Q

What sign may cats show if they have hypocalcemia?

A

signs of hypothermia

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34
Q

How is hypocalcemia in the postpartum female diagnosed?

A

Low ionized calcium, history and/or physical signs

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35
Q

What is the treatment for postpartum hypocalcemia?

A

Oral calcium or intravenous or subcutaneous 10% calcium gluconate

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36
Q

When should puppies be weaned in cases of hypocalcemia?

A

If it is severe

37
Q

What is metritis?

A

infection and inflammation of the postpartum uterus

38
Q

When is metritis most common?

A

3 days - 1 week postpartum

39
Q

What are the causes/predisposing factors of metritis?

A

Ascending infection, retained fetuses, dystocia, obstetrical manipulation, etc.

40
Q

How is metritis diagnosed?

A

CBC/Chemistry
Abdominal ultrasound
vaginal cytology

41
Q

What will you see on CBC/Chemistry in patients with metritis?

A

Leukocytosis or leukopenia +/- a degenerative left shift

42
Q

What will you see on ultrasound in a patient with metritis?

A

Uterine thickening and intrauterine fluid

43
Q

What will you see on a vaginal cytology in a patient with metritis?

A

neutrophils and bacteria

44
Q

How are most cases of metritis treated?

A

Broad spectrum antibiotics +/- oxytocin or prostaglandins for uterine clearance

45
Q

How are metritis cases with significant systemic disease and/or sepsis treated?

A

Hospitalization, supportive care, intravenous abx

46
Q

What is SIPS?

A

Subinvolution of placental sites

47
Q

What age group is SIPS most common in?

A

young, first litter dams

48
Q

What causes SIPS?

A

a delayed regression of trophoblastic cells that have embedded into the endometrium

49
Q

What signs are associated with SIPS?

A

persistent vaginal discharge for > 12 weeks postpartum - anemia is rare but possible

50
Q

How is SIPS diagnosed?

A

Histopathology and vaginal cytology

51
Q

What cells are found on vaginal cytology in patients with SIPS?

A

decidua cells

52
Q

How is SIPS treated?

A

Time and/or supportive care for anemia if present

53
Q

Is uterine prolapse more common in dogs or cats?

A

cats

54
Q

What are the predisposing factors to uterine prolapse?

A

Severe tenesmus or straining
Incomplete placental separation
Relaxation or atony of the uterus
Excessive relaxation of the pelvic/perineal region

55
Q

What are the clinical signs of a uterine prolapse?

A

They depend on the degree of prolapse: discomfort, straining, visible tubular prolapse, and hemodynamic shock-uterine artery rupture

56
Q

How is uterine prolapse treated?

A

Lubrication, reduce edema, manual replacement, and a spay

57
Q

What can be done to reduce edema in cases of uterine prolapse?

A

Hydrotherapy, compression, and/or sugar application

58
Q

What type of reproductive neoplasias do females get? What is the most common?

A

Adenocarcinoma - most common
Granulosa cell tumor/Granulosa cell theca cell tumor
Other: luteoma, thecoma, metastatic disease

59
Q

What uncommon reproductive neoplasias are found in the uterus and vagina?

A

Leiomyoma and leiomyosarcomas

60
Q

What is one of the most common forms of cancer in small animals?

A

mammary neoplasia

61
Q

What percentage of mammary neoplasias are benign in dogs? Malignant in cats?

A

Dogs - 50% benign

Cats - 90% malignant

62
Q

What is the chance of developing a mammary neoplasia in a dog if you spay prior to the first heat? After the first heat?

A

Prior - 0.8%

After - 8%

63
Q

What is the number one cause of infertility?

A

poor management

64
Q

Aside from poor management, what else can cause infertility in the female?

A

Poor semen quality, infectious cause, and reproductive abnormality

65
Q

What infectious agents can cause infertility?

A

Canine brucellosis and canine herpesvirus

66
Q

What Brucella species causes Brucellosis in dogs?

A

Brucella canis is the most common

B. suis, B. ovis, B. melitensis, or B. abortus

67
Q

What reproductive clinical signs are associated with canine brucellosis?

A

Infertility, abortion, and poor thriving or fading neonates

68
Q

What systemic signs are associated with brucellosis?

A

They are rare, but diskospondylitis, uveitis, and generalized lymphadenitis

69
Q

What public health risk does Brucellosis pose?

A

It is zoonotic - it is a reportable disease in Iowa

70
Q

Once you treat Brucellosis, is it gone?

A

no - it is a life-long infection

71
Q

Where does Brucellosis reside in the female reproductive tract?

A

In the uterus and thus transferred to the puppies

72
Q

Where does Brucellosis reside in the male reproductive tract?

A

Epididymis, prostate, and testis

73
Q

How is Brucellosis treated?

A

There is no curable treatment, euthanasia in outbreaks, or castration and prolonged courses of antibiotics to decrease bacteremia and shedding

74
Q

Where does the latent form of Canine herpes virus reside?

A

ganglia, salivary glands, and tonsils

75
Q

What can reactivate canine herpes virus?

A

Stress, medications, systemic diseases, whelping, lactation, and estrus

76
Q

How is canine herpes virus transmitted?

A

aerosolized secretions, venereal, and transplacental

77
Q

What can canine herpes virus cause reproductively?

A

Infertility with early embryonic loss, resorptions, small litter sizes, small weak neonates, abortions, stillbirths, mummies, death of pups shortly after birth, and fading puppy syndrome

78
Q

How is canine herpes virus diagnosed?

A

Virus isolation, serology, or histopatholohy

79
Q

How is canine herpes virus prevented?

A

Isolate the bitch from other dogs following breeding, through pregnancy, and up to 3 weeks after whelping
Minimize and avoid stress
Disinfection
Vaccination (in Europe)

80
Q

What reproductive abnormalities can cause infertility?

A

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia, ovarian cysts, bacterial endometritis and/or placentitis, and hypoluteoidism

81
Q

What can ovarian cysts cause?

A

Prolononged anestrus and prolonged estrus behavior

82
Q

What is used to diagnose ovarian cysts?

A

ultrasound

83
Q

How are ovarian cysts treated?

A

Induce ovulation/leuteinization (GnRH vs. HCG) or ultrasound guided aspiration

84
Q

How does bacterial endometritis and/or placentitis present?

A

vaginal discharge and/or resorptions in a pregnant female

85
Q

How is bacterial endometritis and/or placentitis treated?

A

systemic antimicrobials

86
Q

What is hypoluteoidism?

A

low progesterone to maintain pregnancy

87
Q

How is hypoluteoidism treated?

A

Progestin supplementation or Terbutaline

88
Q

What does Terbutaline do?

A

Promotes uterine quiescence with signs of premature labor

Disturbances in Reproduction (49 decks)

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