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Disturbances in Reproduction > SA - Feline Reproductive Disease 2 > Flashcards

SA - Feline Reproductive Disease 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is pseudopregnancy also known as?

A

Pseudocyesis

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2
Q

What clinical signs are associated with pseudopregnancy?

A

Mammary development +/- lactation, depression and apathy, and maternal behavior

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3
Q

What maternal behaviors do females with pseudopregnancy exhibit?

A

Nesting, maternal care of lovies, and occasional aggression

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4
Q

What causes pseudoprenancy?

A

A drop in progesterone with a high level of prolactin

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5
Q

When does pseudopregnancy occur?

A

End of diestrus, diestral ovariohysterectomy, and cessation of progesterone therapy

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6
Q

True or False: Cats get pseudopregnancy just like dogs do for the same causes.

A

False - it is a normal stage in their non-pregnant estrous cycle

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7
Q

How is pseudopregnancy diagnosed?

A

Presence of clinical signs in non-pregnant female

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8
Q

How is pseudopregnancy treated?

A

Remove source of attention, prevent mammary stimulation, increase exercise and mental stimulation, and give a prolactin antagonist

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9
Q

What prolactin antagonist can be given to treat pseudopregnancy?

A

Cabergoine and Bromocryptine

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10
Q

What species typically gets mammary hyperplasia?

A

Cats - females; rarely males

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11
Q

What is mammary hyperplasia also known as?

A

fibroadenomatous hypertrophy

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12
Q

What causes mammary hyperplasia?

A

An exaggerated response to the presence of progesterone

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13
Q

What is mammary hyperplasia?

A

Diffuse mammary gland development and edema +/- associated dermatologic lesions such as ulcerations

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14
Q

What is a curative treatment for mammary hyperplasia?

A

spay

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15
Q

Aside from a spay, what can be done to treat mammary hyperplasia?

A

progesterone antagonists

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16
Q

Mastitis is primarily a condition of the ________ dog.

A

postpartum

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17
Q

What is mastitis?

A

A bacterial infection and inflammation of one or multiple mammary glands

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18
Q

How is mastitis transmitted?

A

Nursing, trauma, poor whelping/queening, box hygiene, rarely hematogenous spread

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19
Q

What are the mild clinical signs of mastitis?

A

Swollen painful, hyperemic inflamed mammary gland

Occasionally pyrexia, inappetence, lethargy

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20
Q

What are the severe clinical signs of mastitis?

A

Swollen, painful, hyperemic inflamed mammary gland
Systemic illness: pyrexia, anorexia, and lethargy
Reluctance or avoidance for nursing
Abscessation and/or necrosis of the mammary glands

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21
Q

How is mastitis diagnosed?

A

Presence of inflamed mammary gland on physical examination
Ultrasound
Presence of purulent, stringy, hemorrhagic, or gray mammary secretions
Milk cytology
Milk culture
CBC/Chemistry

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22
Q

What will you find on US of the mammary gland in a patient that has mastitis?

A

abscessation and fluid accumulation

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23
Q

What will you find on milk cytology in a patient with mastitis?

A

suppurative inflammation and/or bacteria

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24
Q

What common isolates will you find on a milk culture in a patient with mastitis?

A

E. coli, Staph species, and Strep species

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25
How is mastitis treated?
Broad spectrum abx, carprofen, warm compress, frequent milk stripping, and application of boiled cabbage leaves
26
When should you not continue nursing in a patient with mastitis?
if they are severely ill or have glandular necrosis
27
What should you do if a patient has mastitis and areas of abscessation?
Surgical draining and lavage
28
In severe cases of mastitis, what is the treatment?
mastectomy
29
What is hypocalcemia in the post partum female also known as?
puerperal tetany or eclampsia
30
When is hypocalcemia most common in the postpartum female?
in the first few days to week postpartum, but it can occur late in gestation
31
What are the predisposing factors to hypocalcemia in the postpartum female?
Large litters, maiden females, and potentially small breed dogs
32
What are the clinical signs associated with hypocalcemia?
Anxiousness, behavioral changes, diarrhea, pyrexia (dogs), trembling and/or twitching, stiff gait, tachycardia, seizures, and death
33
What sign may cats show if they have hypocalcemia?
signs of hypothermia
34
How is hypocalcemia in the postpartum female diagnosed?
Low ionized calcium, history and/or physical signs
35
What is the treatment for postpartum hypocalcemia?
Oral calcium or intravenous or subcutaneous 10% calcium gluconate
36
When should puppies be weaned in cases of hypocalcemia?
If it is severe
37
What is metritis?
infection and inflammation of the postpartum uterus
38
When is metritis most common?
3 days - 1 week postpartum
39
What are the causes/predisposing factors of metritis?
Ascending infection, retained fetuses, dystocia, obstetrical manipulation, etc.
40
How is metritis diagnosed?
CBC/Chemistry Abdominal ultrasound vaginal cytology
41
What will you see on CBC/Chemistry in patients with metritis?
Leukocytosis or leukopenia +/- a degenerative left shift
42
What will you see on ultrasound in a patient with metritis?
Uterine thickening and intrauterine fluid
43
What will you see on a vaginal cytology in a patient with metritis?
neutrophils and bacteria
44
How are most cases of metritis treated?
Broad spectrum antibiotics +/- oxytocin or prostaglandins for uterine clearance
45
How are metritis cases with significant systemic disease and/or sepsis treated?
Hospitalization, supportive care, intravenous abx
46
What is SIPS?
Subinvolution of placental sites
47
What age group is SIPS most common in?
young, first litter dams
48
What causes SIPS?
a delayed regression of trophoblastic cells that have embedded into the endometrium
49
What signs are associated with SIPS?
persistent vaginal discharge for > 12 weeks postpartum - anemia is rare but possible
50
How is SIPS diagnosed?
Histopathology and vaginal cytology
51
What cells are found on vaginal cytology in patients with SIPS?
decidua cells
52
How is SIPS treated?
Time and/or supportive care for anemia if present
53
Is uterine prolapse more common in dogs or cats?
cats
54
What are the predisposing factors to uterine prolapse?
Severe tenesmus or straining Incomplete placental separation Relaxation or atony of the uterus Excessive relaxation of the pelvic/perineal region
55
What are the clinical signs of a uterine prolapse?
They depend on the degree of prolapse: discomfort, straining, visible tubular prolapse, and hemodynamic shock-uterine artery rupture
56
How is uterine prolapse treated?
Lubrication, reduce edema, manual replacement, and a spay
57
What can be done to reduce edema in cases of uterine prolapse?
Hydrotherapy, compression, and/or sugar application
58
What type of reproductive neoplasias do females get? What is the most common?
Adenocarcinoma - most common Granulosa cell tumor/Granulosa cell theca cell tumor Other: luteoma, thecoma, metastatic disease
59
What uncommon reproductive neoplasias are found in the uterus and vagina?
Leiomyoma and leiomyosarcomas
60
What is one of the most common forms of cancer in small animals?
mammary neoplasia
61
What percentage of mammary neoplasias are benign in dogs? Malignant in cats?
Dogs - 50% benign | Cats - 90% malignant
62
What is the chance of developing a mammary neoplasia in a dog if you spay prior to the first heat? After the first heat?
Prior - 0.8% | After - 8%
63
What is the number one cause of infertility?
poor management
64
Aside from poor management, what else can cause infertility in the female?
Poor semen quality, infectious cause, and reproductive abnormality
65
What infectious agents can cause infertility?
Canine brucellosis and canine herpesvirus
66
What Brucella species causes Brucellosis in dogs?
Brucella canis is the most common | B. suis, B. ovis, B. melitensis, or B. abortus
67
What reproductive clinical signs are associated with canine brucellosis?
Infertility, abortion, and poor thriving or fading neonates
68
What systemic signs are associated with brucellosis?
They are rare, but diskospondylitis, uveitis, and generalized lymphadenitis
69
What public health risk does Brucellosis pose?
It is zoonotic - it is a reportable disease in Iowa
70
Once you treat Brucellosis, is it gone?
no - it is a life-long infection
71
Where does Brucellosis reside in the female reproductive tract?
In the uterus and thus transferred to the puppies
72
Where does Brucellosis reside in the male reproductive tract?
Epididymis, prostate, and testis
73
How is Brucellosis treated?
There is no curable treatment, euthanasia in outbreaks, or castration and prolonged courses of antibiotics to decrease bacteremia and shedding
74
Where does the latent form of Canine herpes virus reside?
ganglia, salivary glands, and tonsils
75
What can reactivate canine herpes virus?
Stress, medications, systemic diseases, whelping, lactation, and estrus
76
How is canine herpes virus transmitted?
aerosolized secretions, venereal, and transplacental
77
What can canine herpes virus cause reproductively?
Infertility with early embryonic loss, resorptions, small litter sizes, small weak neonates, abortions, stillbirths, mummies, death of pups shortly after birth, and fading puppy syndrome
78
How is canine herpes virus diagnosed?
Virus isolation, serology, or histopatholohy
79
How is canine herpes virus prevented?
Isolate the bitch from other dogs following breeding, through pregnancy, and up to 3 weeks after whelping Minimize and avoid stress Disinfection Vaccination (in Europe)
80
What reproductive abnormalities can cause infertility?
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia, ovarian cysts, bacterial endometritis and/or placentitis, and hypoluteoidism
81
What can ovarian cysts cause?
Prolononged anestrus and prolonged estrus behavior
82
What is used to diagnose ovarian cysts?
ultrasound
83
How are ovarian cysts treated?
Induce ovulation/leuteinization (GnRH vs. HCG) or ultrasound guided aspiration
84
How does bacterial endometritis and/or placentitis present?
vaginal discharge and/or resorptions in a pregnant female
85
How is bacterial endometritis and/or placentitis treated?
systemic antimicrobials
86
What is hypoluteoidism?
low progesterone to maintain pregnancy
87
How is hypoluteoidism treated?
Progestin supplementation or Terbutaline
88
What does Terbutaline do?
Promotes uterine quiescence with signs of premature labor

Disturbances in Reproduction (49 decks)

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