Small Ruminant - Male 2 Flashcards
What are the different forms of arthritis a male small ruminant can get?
Degenerative and infectious
Why is degenerative arthritis poor in regards to breeding?
There is an increased inability to mount and breed, there is weight loss, and they are less dominant
What infectious disease causes arthritis in small ruminants?
Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAE)
Can CAE be inherited?
yes
Is CAE easily distinguishable from degenerative arthritis?
No
What testicular abnormality is associated with loss of structural integrity of the testicle?
testicular degeneration
What abnormalities are associated with testicular degeneration?
Abnormal sperm, calculi development, +/- systemic disease
True or False: Cryptorchidism can be unilateral or bilateral in the small ruminant.
True
Which testicle is more likely to be retained in the small ruminant?
the right testicle
Can small ruminants still be fertile if they have only one retained teste?
Yes
What is the treatment for patients with cryptorchidism?
Cull
How do small ruminants present with orchitis or epididymitis?
Hot, swollen, painful testicles, systemically ill (rapid onset), depression, and if chronic there is adhesion formation
What causes orchitis and epididymitis in older small ruminants?
Brucella
What can cause orchitis and epididymitis in younger small ruminants?
Coliform bacteria, Pseudomonas, Histophilus, and Actinobacillus
True or False: Brucella ovis is the cause of orchitis and/or epididymitis in sheep until proven otherwise.
TRUE
What does Brucella ovis cause?
Reduced fertility, decreased lambs/birth, and increased lambing interval
How is Brucella ovis transmitted?
It harbors in the male and can be transmitted from infected ewes and via homosexual acitivity
How does Brucella ovis enter?
mucous membranes
What clinical signs are associated with Brucella ovis?
Enlarged, fibrotic epididymis, +/- accessory sex glands, +/- testicular involvement (orchitis), and infected semen (increased leukocytes and detached heads)
How is Brucella ovis treated?
Test and culling - abx are not always responsive
What is a varicocele?
Dilation, thrombosis within spermatic cord - fluctuant fluid to a hard swelling palpable
How are varicoceles diagnosed?
Palpation and ultrasound
How do varioceles impact the semen?
Reduced sperm output, motility, and increased abnormalities
How are varioceles treated?
culling
What are sperm granulomas?
Partial to complete blockage of efferent ducts draining into the epididymis
What could a rupture of a sperm granuloma lead to?
severe inflammation
What do sperm granulomas do to the surrounding testicle?
Degeneration of the testicle surrounded in fluid and increased pressure
How are sperm granulomas diagnosed?
Palpation of the epididymis and US
Scrotal hernias are more commonly found in goats/sheep.
sheep
True or False: Scrotal hernias are hereditary.
TRUE
What complications are associated with scrotal hernias?
Entrapment of abdominal contents and decreased spermatogenesis (due to increased temp)
If you have a patient with a scrotal hernia that is less than a year of age, what is the recommended treatment?
Cull because it is likely genetic
If you have a patient with a scrotal hernia that is greater than a year of age, what is the recommended treatment?
Castrate - bilateral or unilateral
What penile abnormalities can small ruminants get?
Ulcerative posthitis, herpesvirus, phimosis, paraphimosis, and urinary calculosis
What is pizzle rot?
Ulcerative posthitis
How does ulcerative posthitis present?
Scabs and ulcers on the prepucial mucosa
What causes ulcerative posthitis?
High protein diets and Corynebacterium renale
What does Herpesvirus do to the penis?
It causes pustules and ulcers of the preputial area
What is phimosis?
inability to retract the foreskin behind the glans of the penis
What is paraphimosis?
The penis cannot be retracted because it is too swollen
What causes urinary calculosis?
Restricted water intake and increased mineral componentes
How are urinary calculosis treated?
Urethral process ampuation +/- more invasive surgery
Can urinary calculosis impact fertility?
yes
What infectious agents are found in semen?
Chalmydia, Toxoplasma, Brucella melitensis,Brucella abortus, and Brucella ovis, Histophilus ovis
Where is Toxoplasmosis found in the male small ruminant?
In the semen - there is minimum transmission concern
Where does Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus localize?
Within the testes especially in goats
Where does Chlamydiosis localize?
In semen and seminal vesicles
What does Histophilus ovis cause in male small ruminants?
epididymitis
How is caprine herpes virus-1 transmitted?
venereally
What signs are associated with caprine herpes virus-1?
Vulvovaginitis, balanoposthatitis, +/- abortions
What do you need to vaccinate for when castrating small ruminants?
for tetanus - depending on the method
Why would you want to sedate in a castration?
To prevent vocalization and stress
What are the types of castration in a small ruminant?
Surgical, elastrator band, and emasculatome
How do you do surgical castration? Is vaccination indicated?
Clip the ventral scrotum, snap the spermatic cord, +/- ligation
Vaccination is not indicated
At what age can you use the elastrator band method of castration? Is vaccination indicated?
If they are <3-4 weeks old - vaccination is indicated
How does the emasculatome work?
Isolate the testicle to the ventralsac and apply it twice to each cord - it basically crushes the cord and the testicles remain
When is hemicastration indicated?
If there is unilateral testicular disease
Why would you want to do hemicastration?
Reduce potential thermal damage to the normal testicle
How do you do a hemicastration?
Anesthetize, incise the scrotum, ligate properly, and close the scrotum and dead space
What castration methods do you do in teaser males?
Vasectomy or an epididectomy
What is a vasectomy?
Ligation of the vas deferens
How do you do a vasectomy?
Anesthetize, clip and prep the dorsal aspect of the scrotum, expose the spermatic cord, isolate the vas deferens, ligate and clip
How do you confirm you have removed the correct structure during a vasectomy?
Take the chunk out and look for sperm cells
What is an epididectomy?
Removal of the tail of the epididymis
How do you do an epididectomy?
Anesthetize, clip and prep the ventral scrotum, forxe the testicles to the end of the scrotum, remove the tail and ligate the body
How long before a teaser male is considered sterile?
30 days
