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Disturbances in Reproduction > Small Ruminant - Male 2 > Flashcards

Small Ruminant - Male 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different forms of arthritis a male small ruminant can get?

A

Degenerative and infectious

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2
Q

Why is degenerative arthritis poor in regards to breeding?

A

There is an increased inability to mount and breed, there is weight loss, and they are less dominant

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3
Q

What infectious disease causes arthritis in small ruminants?

A

Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAE)

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4
Q

Can CAE be inherited?

A

yes

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5
Q

Is CAE easily distinguishable from degenerative arthritis?

A

No

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6
Q

What testicular abnormality is associated with loss of structural integrity of the testicle?

A

testicular degeneration

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7
Q

What abnormalities are associated with testicular degeneration?

A

Abnormal sperm, calculi development, +/- systemic disease

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8
Q

True or False: Cryptorchidism can be unilateral or bilateral in the small ruminant.

A

True

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9
Q

Which testicle is more likely to be retained in the small ruminant?

A

the right testicle

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10
Q

Can small ruminants still be fertile if they have only one retained teste?

A

Yes

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11
Q

What is the treatment for patients with cryptorchidism?

A

Cull

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12
Q

How do small ruminants present with orchitis or epididymitis?

A

Hot, swollen, painful testicles, systemically ill (rapid onset), depression, and if chronic there is adhesion formation

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13
Q

What causes orchitis and epididymitis in older small ruminants?

A

Brucella

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14
Q

What can cause orchitis and epididymitis in younger small ruminants?

A

Coliform bacteria, Pseudomonas, Histophilus, and Actinobacillus

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15
Q

True or False: Brucella ovis is the cause of orchitis and/or epididymitis in sheep until proven otherwise.

A

TRUE

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16
Q

What does Brucella ovis cause?

A

Reduced fertility, decreased lambs/birth, and increased lambing interval

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17
Q

How is Brucella ovis transmitted?

A

It harbors in the male and can be transmitted from infected ewes and via homosexual acitivity

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18
Q

How does Brucella ovis enter?

A

mucous membranes

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19
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Brucella ovis?

A

Enlarged, fibrotic epididymis, +/- accessory sex glands, +/- testicular involvement (orchitis), and infected semen (increased leukocytes and detached heads)

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20
Q

How is Brucella ovis treated?

A

Test and culling - abx are not always responsive

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21
Q

What is a varicocele?

A

Dilation, thrombosis within spermatic cord - fluctuant fluid to a hard swelling palpable

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22
Q

How are varicoceles diagnosed?

A

Palpation and ultrasound

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23
Q

How do varioceles impact the semen?

A

Reduced sperm output, motility, and increased abnormalities

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24
Q

How are varioceles treated?

A

culling

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25
What are sperm granulomas?
Partial to complete blockage of efferent ducts draining into the epididymis
26
What could a rupture of a sperm granuloma lead to?
severe inflammation
27
What do sperm granulomas do to the surrounding testicle?
Degeneration of the testicle surrounded in fluid and increased pressure
28
How are sperm granulomas diagnosed?
Palpation of the epididymis and US
29
Scrotal hernias are more commonly found in goats/sheep.
sheep
30
True or False: Scrotal hernias are hereditary.
TRUE
31
What complications are associated with scrotal hernias?
Entrapment of abdominal contents and decreased spermatogenesis (due to increased temp)
32
If you have a patient with a scrotal hernia that is less than a year of age, what is the recommended treatment?
Cull because it is likely genetic
33
If you have a patient with a scrotal hernia that is greater than a year of age, what is the recommended treatment?
Castrate - bilateral or unilateral
34
What penile abnormalities can small ruminants get?
Ulcerative posthitis, herpesvirus, phimosis, paraphimosis, and urinary calculosis
35
What is pizzle rot?
Ulcerative posthitis
36
How does ulcerative posthitis present?
Scabs and ulcers on the prepucial mucosa
37
What causes ulcerative posthitis?
High protein diets and Corynebacterium renale
38
What does Herpesvirus do to the penis?
It causes pustules and ulcers of the preputial area
39
What is phimosis?
inability to retract the foreskin behind the glans of the penis
40
What is paraphimosis?
The penis cannot be retracted because it is too swollen
41
What causes urinary calculosis?
Restricted water intake and increased mineral componentes
42
How are urinary calculosis treated?
Urethral process ampuation +/- more invasive surgery
43
Can urinary calculosis impact fertility?
yes
44
What infectious agents are found in semen?
Chalmydia, Toxoplasma, Brucella melitensis,Brucella abortus, and Brucella ovis, Histophilus ovis
45
Where is Toxoplasmosis found in the male small ruminant?
In the semen - there is minimum transmission concern
46
Where does Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus localize?
Within the testes especially in goats
47
Where does Chlamydiosis localize?
In semen and seminal vesicles
48
What does Histophilus ovis cause in male small ruminants?
epididymitis
49
How is caprine herpes virus-1 transmitted?
venereally
50
What signs are associated with caprine herpes virus-1?
Vulvovaginitis, balanoposthatitis, +/- abortions
51
What do you need to vaccinate for when castrating small ruminants?
for tetanus - depending on the method
52
Why would you want to sedate in a castration?
To prevent vocalization and stress
53
What are the types of castration in a small ruminant?
Surgical, elastrator band, and emasculatome
54
How do you do surgical castration? Is vaccination indicated?
Clip the ventral scrotum, snap the spermatic cord, +/- ligation Vaccination is not indicated
55
At what age can you use the elastrator band method of castration? Is vaccination indicated?
If they are <3-4 weeks old - vaccination is indicated
56
How does the emasculatome work?
Isolate the testicle to the ventralsac and apply it twice to each cord - it basically crushes the cord and the testicles remain
57
When is hemicastration indicated?
If there is unilateral testicular disease
58
Why would you want to do hemicastration?
Reduce potential thermal damage to the normal testicle
59
How do you do a hemicastration?
Anesthetize, incise the scrotum, ligate properly, and close the scrotum and dead space
60
What castration methods do you do in teaser males?
Vasectomy or an epididectomy
61
What is a vasectomy?
Ligation of the vas deferens
62
How do you do a vasectomy?
Anesthetize, clip and prep the dorsal aspect of the scrotum, expose the spermatic cord, isolate the vas deferens, ligate and clip
63
How do you confirm you have removed the correct structure during a vasectomy?
Take the chunk out and look for sperm cells
64
What is an epididectomy?
Removal of the tail of the epididymis
65
How do you do an epididectomy?
Anesthetize, clip and prep the ventral scrotum, forxe the testicles to the end of the scrotum, remove the tail and ligate the body
66
How long before a teaser male is considered sterile?
30 days

Disturbances in Reproduction (49 decks)

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