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Disturbances in Reproduction > Small Ruminant - Male 2 > Flashcards

Small Ruminant - Male 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different forms of arthritis a male small ruminant can get?

A

Degenerative and infectious

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2
Q

Why is degenerative arthritis poor in regards to breeding?

A

There is an increased inability to mount and breed, there is weight loss, and they are less dominant

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3
Q

What infectious disease causes arthritis in small ruminants?

A

Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAE)

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4
Q

Can CAE be inherited?

A

yes

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5
Q

Is CAE easily distinguishable from degenerative arthritis?

A

No

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6
Q

What testicular abnormality is associated with loss of structural integrity of the testicle?

A

testicular degeneration

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7
Q

What abnormalities are associated with testicular degeneration?

A

Abnormal sperm, calculi development, +/- systemic disease

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8
Q

True or False: Cryptorchidism can be unilateral or bilateral in the small ruminant.

A

True

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9
Q

Which testicle is more likely to be retained in the small ruminant?

A

the right testicle

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10
Q

Can small ruminants still be fertile if they have only one retained teste?

A

Yes

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11
Q

What is the treatment for patients with cryptorchidism?

A

Cull

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12
Q

How do small ruminants present with orchitis or epididymitis?

A

Hot, swollen, painful testicles, systemically ill (rapid onset), depression, and if chronic there is adhesion formation

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13
Q

What causes orchitis and epididymitis in older small ruminants?

A

Brucella

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14
Q

What can cause orchitis and epididymitis in younger small ruminants?

A

Coliform bacteria, Pseudomonas, Histophilus, and Actinobacillus

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15
Q

True or False: Brucella ovis is the cause of orchitis and/or epididymitis in sheep until proven otherwise.

A

TRUE

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16
Q

What does Brucella ovis cause?

A

Reduced fertility, decreased lambs/birth, and increased lambing interval

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17
Q

How is Brucella ovis transmitted?

A

It harbors in the male and can be transmitted from infected ewes and via homosexual acitivity

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18
Q

How does Brucella ovis enter?

A

mucous membranes

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19
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Brucella ovis?

A

Enlarged, fibrotic epididymis, +/- accessory sex glands, +/- testicular involvement (orchitis), and infected semen (increased leukocytes and detached heads)

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20
Q

How is Brucella ovis treated?

A

Test and culling - abx are not always responsive

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21
Q

What is a varicocele?

A

Dilation, thrombosis within spermatic cord - fluctuant fluid to a hard swelling palpable

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22
Q

How are varicoceles diagnosed?

A

Palpation and ultrasound

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23
Q

How do varioceles impact the semen?

A

Reduced sperm output, motility, and increased abnormalities

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24
Q

How are varioceles treated?

A

culling

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25
Q

What are sperm granulomas?

A

Partial to complete blockage of efferent ducts draining into the epididymis

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26
Q

What could a rupture of a sperm granuloma lead to?

A

severe inflammation

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27
Q

What do sperm granulomas do to the surrounding testicle?

A

Degeneration of the testicle surrounded in fluid and increased pressure

28
Q

How are sperm granulomas diagnosed?

A

Palpation of the epididymis and US

29
Q

Scrotal hernias are more commonly found in goats/sheep.

A

sheep

30
Q

True or False: Scrotal hernias are hereditary.

A

TRUE

31
Q

What complications are associated with scrotal hernias?

A

Entrapment of abdominal contents and decreased spermatogenesis (due to increased temp)

32
Q

If you have a patient with a scrotal hernia that is less than a year of age, what is the recommended treatment?

A

Cull because it is likely genetic

33
Q

If you have a patient with a scrotal hernia that is greater than a year of age, what is the recommended treatment?

A

Castrate - bilateral or unilateral

34
Q

What penile abnormalities can small ruminants get?

A

Ulcerative posthitis, herpesvirus, phimosis, paraphimosis, and urinary calculosis

35
Q

What is pizzle rot?

A

Ulcerative posthitis

36
Q

How does ulcerative posthitis present?

A

Scabs and ulcers on the prepucial mucosa

37
Q

What causes ulcerative posthitis?

A

High protein diets and Corynebacterium renale

38
Q

What does Herpesvirus do to the penis?

A

It causes pustules and ulcers of the preputial area

39
Q

What is phimosis?

A

inability to retract the foreskin behind the glans of the penis

40
Q

What is paraphimosis?

A

The penis cannot be retracted because it is too swollen

41
Q

What causes urinary calculosis?

A

Restricted water intake and increased mineral componentes

42
Q

How are urinary calculosis treated?

A

Urethral process ampuation +/- more invasive surgery

43
Q

Can urinary calculosis impact fertility?

A

yes

44
Q

What infectious agents are found in semen?

A

Chalmydia, Toxoplasma, Brucella melitensis,Brucella abortus, and Brucella ovis, Histophilus ovis

45
Q

Where is Toxoplasmosis found in the male small ruminant?

A

In the semen - there is minimum transmission concern

46
Q

Where does Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus localize?

A

Within the testes especially in goats

47
Q

Where does Chlamydiosis localize?

A

In semen and seminal vesicles

48
Q

What does Histophilus ovis cause in male small ruminants?

A

epididymitis

49
Q

How is caprine herpes virus-1 transmitted?

A

venereally

50
Q

What signs are associated with caprine herpes virus-1?

A

Vulvovaginitis, balanoposthatitis, +/- abortions

51
Q

What do you need to vaccinate for when castrating small ruminants?

A

for tetanus - depending on the method

52
Q

Why would you want to sedate in a castration?

A

To prevent vocalization and stress

53
Q

What are the types of castration in a small ruminant?

A

Surgical, elastrator band, and emasculatome

54
Q

How do you do surgical castration? Is vaccination indicated?

A

Clip the ventral scrotum, snap the spermatic cord, +/- ligation
Vaccination is not indicated

55
Q

At what age can you use the elastrator band method of castration? Is vaccination indicated?

A

If they are <3-4 weeks old - vaccination is indicated

56
Q

How does the emasculatome work?

A

Isolate the testicle to the ventralsac and apply it twice to each cord - it basically crushes the cord and the testicles remain

57
Q

When is hemicastration indicated?

A

If there is unilateral testicular disease

58
Q

Why would you want to do hemicastration?

A

Reduce potential thermal damage to the normal testicle

59
Q

How do you do a hemicastration?

A

Anesthetize, incise the scrotum, ligate properly, and close the scrotum and dead space

60
Q

What castration methods do you do in teaser males?

A

Vasectomy or an epididectomy

61
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

Ligation of the vas deferens

62
Q

How do you do a vasectomy?

A

Anesthetize, clip and prep the dorsal aspect of the scrotum, expose the spermatic cord, isolate the vas deferens, ligate and clip

63
Q

How do you confirm you have removed the correct structure during a vasectomy?

A

Take the chunk out and look for sperm cells

64
Q

What is an epididectomy?

A

Removal of the tail of the epididymis

65
Q

How do you do an epididectomy?

A

Anesthetize, clip and prep the ventral scrotum, forxe the testicles to the end of the scrotum, remove the tail and ligate the body

66
Q

How long before a teaser male is considered sterile?

A

30 days

Disturbances in Reproduction (49 decks)

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