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Disturbances in Reproduction > Equine - Stallion Reproductive Disease > Flashcards

Equine - Stallion Reproductive Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Stallions with low libido may benefit from being housed where?

A

in a harem setting as a single stallion with other mares and removed from the sight and sound of other stallions

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2
Q

How are domestic stallions typically housed?

A

in bachelor settings

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3
Q

What negative reinforcement methods can lead to erection failure or poor libido?

A

penile rings, brushes, shock collars, whips, etc.

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4
Q

What stallions is aggressive behavior and/or poor libido be found in?

A

Young or inexperienced stallions, overused stallions, and stallions with previous breeding injury

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5
Q

What can cause scrotal enlargement/swelling?

A

Hydrocele, inguinal hernia, varicocele, hematocele, hematoma, abscess, testicular neoplasia, orchitis/epididymitis, and torsion of the spermatic cord

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6
Q

How is scrotal enlargement/swelling classified?

A

unilateral or bilateral

painful or non-painful

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7
Q

What is a hydrocele?

A

an abnormal accumulation of serous anechoic fluid surrounding the testes and/or epididymides

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8
Q

How is a hydrocele classified?

A

painless with frequent unilateral enlargement - may be bilateral

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9
Q

When is the incidence of a hydrocele increased?

A

in hot summer months

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10
Q

What is hydrocele associated with?

A

decreased exercise/stall rest, enlarged inguinal rings, and with causes of increased peritoneal fluid

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11
Q

How can a hydrocele effect fertility?

A

It can lead to decreased fertility and semen quality due to impaired thermoregulation function

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12
Q

How is a hydrocele diagnosed?

A

via ultrasound

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13
Q

How is a hydrocele treated?

A

benign neglect if mild and fertility is not affected

treatment ultimately is dependent on cause - can use exercise, hydrotherapy, or a course of anti-inflammatories

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14
Q

What is an inguinal/scrotal hernia?

A

Herniation of the gastrointestinal contents into the scrotum through the inguinal rings

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15
Q

What breeds are commonly affected by inguinal/scrotal hernias?

A

breeds with enlarged inguinal rings - Tennessee walking horse, standardbreds, and draft breeds

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16
Q

How are inguinal/scrotal hernias classified?

A

painful, unilateral enlargement but can be painless if non-incarcerated

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17
Q

What is the standard treatment for inguinal/scrotal hernias?

A

Surgery - closed castration, ring imbrication +/- truss

Want to preserve spermatogenesis in the remaining teste

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18
Q

What is a varicocele?

A

abnormal dilation in the veins of the pampiniform plexus

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19
Q

How can a varicocele affect fertility?

A

it may be the cause of subfertility in stallions

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20
Q

What lesion(s) is a varicocele occasionally found concurrently with?

A

scrotal hernias, hydroceles, orchitis, or cardiac disease

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21
Q

What is a hematocele?

A

blood accumulation surround the testes

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22
Q

What is a hematocele a result of?

A

blunt force trauma such as kicks, falls, and breeding trauma, or a penetrating injury

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23
Q

How are hematoceles treated?

A

Time, systemic antimicrobials, anti-inflammatories, hydrotherapy
If bad, it may require unilateral or bilateral castration

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24
Q

Testicular neoplasias are relatively ______ and usually ________.

A

rare; unilateral

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25
Q

What type of neoplasias are found in the testicles?

A

seminoma (most common), sertoli cell tumor, leydig cell tumor, teratoma

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26
Q

What do seminomas arise from?

A

germ cells lining seminiferous epithelium

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27
Q

How are testicular neoplasias diagnosed?

A

Via scrotal ultrasonography

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28
Q

What is the recommended treatment for testicular neoplasia?

A

castration

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29
Q

True or False: Orchitis and/or epididymitis is a common cause of scrotal enlargement in horses.

A

false - it is rare

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30
Q

What is orchitis and/or epididymitis commonly associated with?

A

trauma

Can be due to bacterial and/or viral infection, autoimmune, and/or parasitic migration

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31
Q

How is orchitis and/or epididymitis diagnosed?

A

ultrasound - increased testicular or epididymal size and loss of normal architecture/echogenicity

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32
Q

What is the treatment of choice for orchitis and/or epididiymitis?

A

castration most common

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33
Q

What is torsion of the spermatic cord?

A

less than 180 degree rotation of the spermatic cord that is frequently an incidental finding

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34
Q

When is torsion of the spermatic cord an emergency?

A

if it has rotated greater than 180 degrees

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35
Q

How is torsion of the spermatic cord classified?

A

unilateral enlargement

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36
Q

How is torsion of the spermatic cord diagnosed?

A

palpation and scrotal ultrasound, decreased/obstructed blood flow within the pampiniform plexus and testicular artery, loss of normal architecture

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37
Q

What is the treatment of choice for torsion of the spermatic cord?

A

unilateral castration

38
Q

What can cause reduced testicular size?

A

testicular hypoplasia or testicular degeneration

39
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

unilateral or bilateral retention of one or both testes - inguinal vs abdominal

40
Q

How is cryptorchidism diagnosed in presumed geldings?

A

Antimullerian hormone level (elevated in cryptorchid vs gelding), hCG stimulation test (2-fold testosterone increase), and ultrasound for location

41
Q

What are the infectious diseases of the penis and/or prepuce?

A

EHV3, CEM, EVA, and bacterial overgrowth

42
Q

What are the non-infectious diseases of the penis and/or prepuce?

A

parphimosis and priapism

43
Q

What is EHV3?

A

Coital exanthema

44
Q

What causes coital exanthema?

A

Equine Herpes virus 3

45
Q

What lesions does coital exanthema cause?

A

vesicles and ulcerations of the penis

46
Q

How is coital exanthema transmitted?

A

To mares and/or stallions with active lesions either during live cover or fomite transfer

47
Q

How is coital exanthema diagnosed?

A

virus isolation from swabs of vesicle/ulcers

48
Q

How is coital exanthema treated?

A

sexual rest for 3 weeks - self limiting

49
Q

How is coital exanthema prevented?

A

prevent breeding of stallions with active lesions

50
Q

What is contagious equine metritis (CEM) caused by?

A

Taylorella equigentalis

51
Q

True or False: CEM is highly contagious and reportable.

A

true

52
Q

What clinical signs do stallions with CEM have?

A

none - they are asymptomatic carriers

53
Q

What clinical signs do mares with CEM have?

A

infertility, early embryonic loss, mucopurulent vulvar discharge, and endometritis

54
Q

What must happen in all mares and stallions over the age of 18 months that are being imported into the US (in regards to CEM)?

A

They must be quarantined, tested, and treated at the time of importation

55
Q

How is the routine testing for CEM in stallions done?

A

Take a sample/swab from the urethra, urethral sinus, fossa glandis, and penile shaft, then transferred to aimes transport media and shippe to USDA approved facilities

56
Q

What causes overgrowth of bacteria?

A

Loss of commensal bacteria typically due to overuse of disinfectants or washing

57
Q

What are the common isolated pathogens in cases of bacterial overgrowth?

A

Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, and E.coli

58
Q

How can stallion bacterial overgrowth affect the mare?

A

it can lead to endometritis

59
Q

What causes Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA)?

A

Arterivirus

60
Q

What clinical signs do mares with EVA typically show?

A

They are most commonly asymptomatic but may have a short term of infertility due to fever

61
Q

What does EVA cause in mares?

A

abortions, infertility, and pregnancy loss throughout gestation

62
Q

What systemic signs can EVA cause?

A

vasclulitis - subcutaneous edema, periorbital edema, excess peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial fluid, edema within the lymph nodes, intestines, and other intraabdominal organs

63
Q

How is EVA diagnosed?

A

virus isolation or PCR within semen and/or serum

64
Q

What is paraphimosis?

A

inability to retract the penis within the prepuce

65
Q

What is paraphimosis frequently associated with? Other causes?

A

frequently associated with: penile/preputial trauma, edema, and/or hematoma
phenothiazine sedatives in stallions and geldings
can be caused by infectious disease or a debilitating condition

66
Q

What is the treatment of choice for paraphimosis?

A

Decrease the edema/swelling - hydrotherapy and compression therapy
Replace the penis within the prepuce - probang or purse string
Support of the penis with a jock strap or pantyhose

67
Q

What is priapism?

A

persistent erection without sexual arousal

68
Q

What can cause priapism?

A

Phenothiazine administration, trauma, neurologic injury, or conditions associated with a poor BCS

69
Q

Priapism is a constant cycle of what?

A

Stagnant blood, venous occlusion, penile erection and rigidity, stretching and injury of the penile nerves, fibrosis of corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum, and flaccid paralysis

70
Q

How is priapism treated?

A 
Hydrotherapy and compression therapy
Corpus cavernosum flush
Phenylephrine
Support the penis from being dependent similar to cases of paraphimosis
Reversal of phenothiazines
71
Q

How is a corpus cavernosum flush performed?

A

through and through lavage using a 14 or 16 gauge needle, flush with heparinized saline +/- phenylephrine, and remove the clotted blood from erectile tissues and allow for detumescence

72
Q

What are the common diseases of accessory sex glands?

A

Blocked ampullae and seminal vesiculitis

73
Q

What causes blocked ampullae?

A

blockages due to sperm plugs and/or casts

74
Q

How is blocked ampullae diagnosed?

A

Semen analysis - azoospermia or oligospermia with predominate detached heads
Ultrasound - fluid pockets within the ampullae lumen

75
Q

How is blocked ampullae treated?

A

Oxytocin and/or prostaglandins and ampullary massage

frequent collections

76
Q

True or False: Seminal Vesiculitis is rare.

A

True

77
Q

What causes seminal vesiculitis?

A

bacteria - it is of bacterial origin

78
Q

How will the ejaculate be in patients with seminal vesiculitis?

A

hemospermia, pyospermia, or flocculent material in ejaculate

79
Q

What is the treatment of choice for seminal vesiculitis?

A

endoscopic catheterization of colliculus seminalis for culture, lavage, and/or administration of antimicrobals
Systemic antimicrobials

80
Q

What is urospermia?

A

The presence of urine with an ejaculate - may see decreased motility due to increased osmolarity

81
Q

How is urospermia be diagnosed?

A

azostix - >30 mg/dl urea nitrogen or creatinine > 2mg/dl

82
Q

How is urospermia treated?

A

administration of alpha adrenergic agents prior to collection

83
Q

In refractory cases of urospermia, what collection method may need to be used?

A

chemical ejaculation may be necessary in refractory cases

84
Q

What is hemospermia?

A

blood present within an ejaculate - may be gross or microscopic contamination

85
Q

What are the differentials for hemospermia?

A

urethral rents, habronemiasis, squamous cell carcinoma, EHV3, seminal vesiculitis, or penile mucosal injuries

86
Q

How is hemospermia diagnosed?

A

physical examination of penis and urethroscopy

87
Q

What is a urethral rent?

A

a tear within the urethral mucosa - it will frequently bleed upon erection

88
Q

How is a urethral rent treated?

A

sexual rest, laser coagulopathy, urethrostomy, and corpus spongiotomy

89
Q

How can habronemiasis lead to hemospermia?

A

Migration and encystment of stomach nematode

90
Q

How do you treat hemospermia due to habronemiasis?

A

give ivermectin +/- corticosteroids to reduce inlammatory response

91
Q

How do you treat hemospermia due to squamous cell carcinoma?

A

surgical excision, phallectomy, topical chemotherapeutics

Disturbances in Reproduction (49 decks)

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