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Disturbances in Reproduction > Equine - Mare Infertility: Non-infectious > Flashcards

Equine - Mare Infertility: Non-infectious Flashcards

1
Q

What are the non-infectious causes of infertility?

A

Mare management/abnormal cyclicity, stallion issues, anatomic abnormalities, ovarian tumors, and uterine fibrosis/endometrial cysts

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2
Q

Which mares are at a higher risk of infertility?

A

Older mares

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3
Q

Why are older mares at a higher risk of infertility?

A

They cycle less after 20 years - longer transitional periods, longer follicular phases, and fewer ovulations/year

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4
Q

When may mares stop cycling?

A

throughout the breeding season

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5
Q

If a mare is cycling normally, uterine fluid is present, and she is infertile, what is on your ddx list?

A

Endometritis, maiden mare cervix (tight), and tract patency (persistent hymen, segmental aplasia, stricture/adhesion)

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6
Q

If a mare is cycling normally, uterine fluid is absent, and she is infertile, what is on your ddx list?

A

there is a stallion issue, improper breeding timing, blocked oviducts, uterine pathology, or possibly CL issue

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7
Q

If a mare fails to return to estrus, what is on your ddx list?

A

pregnancy, endometrial cups, transitional period, silent heats, no teasing ability, foal present, dominant mare in the pasture

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8
Q

If a mare has a prolonged/persistent estrus(shortened luteal activity), what is on your ddx list?

A

submissive mare, ovarian pathology, perception by owners (mark on calendar), short cycling

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9
Q

What is the luteal phase like if a mare has a failure to return to estrus?

A

there is a prolonged luteal phase of greater than 17 days

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10
Q

What is the incidence of prolonged luteal activity in a mare?

A

up to 18% of mares

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11
Q

What is the etiology of prolonged luteal activity?

A

diestral follicles ovulate after day 10 of diestrus and a new CL is too immature to respond to endogenous prostaglandin, lutenized hemorrhagic follicle, severe endometrial damage with impairment of prostaglandin production, idiopathic

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12
Q

How is prolonged luteal activity diagnosed?

A

ultrasound or serum progesterone assay

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13
Q

What will you see if a mare has prolonged luteal activity on ultrasound?

A

There will be CLs present on one or both ovaries for more than 17 days post-ovulation

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14
Q

What will a serum progesterone assay show if there is prolonged luteal activity?

A

progesterone is elevated over 2 ng/ml for greater than 14 days

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15
Q

How is prolonged luteal activity treated?

A

exogenous prostaglandin (Lutalyse and Cloprostenol) IM SID for 1-2 days

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16
Q

What will happen to the luteal phase if a mare is having prolonged estrus?

A

the luteal phase will be less than 13 days (typically 7-11) - premature luteolysis

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17
Q

What is the etiology of shortened luteal activity?

A

prostaglandin production associated with uterine inflammation or bacterial toxins

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18
Q

How is shortened luteal activity diagnosed?

A

ultrasound, endometrial cytology and cultutre, +/- biopsy

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19
Q

How is shortened luteal activity treated?

A

treat the underlying cause

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20
Q

What are the clinical signs of persistent estrus?

A

Constantly showing behavior interpreted as estrus and interfering with mares funciton, behavioral changes, signs of agitation, discomfort or submission

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21
Q

What behaviors are reported with persistent estrus?

A

irritable, kicking, leaning, striking, urinating, wringing tails

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22
Q

What are the ddx for persistent estrus?

A

seasonal transition, pregnancy, ovarian dysgenesis, granulosa cell tumor, vaginal inflammation due to pneumovagina, urethral or bladder abnormalities

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23
Q

How is persistent estrus diagnosed?

A

transrectal palpation and ultrasound, and vaginal examination

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24
Q

What can failure to ovulate be a cause of and when does it commonly occur?

A

It can be a cause of anestrus and it commonly occurs in transition periods into and out of breeding seasons

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25
Q

Characterize anovulatory follicles.

A

Large follicles which fail to rupture and ovulate, fill with blood and persist as hematomas over a number of cycles (AHF), and presence is further complicated with their ability to secrete progesterone

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26
Q

What is follicular atresia?

A

The break down of the ovarian follicles - they fail to emerge as a dominant follicle

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27
Q

What can cause follicular atresia?

A

ovarian hypoplasia, ovarian cysts, infections, and malnutrition

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28
Q

What is the treatment for follicular atresia?

A

time

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29
Q

What are some potential stallion issues that can lead to fertility?

A

poor semen quality/quantity, not actually breeding, venereal diseases

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30
Q

How are stallion issues diagnosed?

A

history/clinical signs and breeding soundness examination

31
Q

What congenital defects of the uterine tube can lead to infertility?

A

segmental aplasia with hydrosalpinx

32
Q

What congenital defects of the uterus can lead to infertility?

A

hypoplasia, segmental aplasia, and duplication

33
Q

What congenital defects of the cervix can lead to infertility?

A

hypoplasia, segmental aplasia, hyperplasia, and duplication

34
Q

What congenital defects of the vagina can lead to infertility?

A

persistent hymen and vestibular-vaginal hypoplasia

35
Q

What is a persistent or imperforate hymen and what population is it most common in?

A

Thickened tissue at the vestibulovaginal junction +/- prolapse and it is common in maiden mares

36
Q

What is the treatment for persistent or imperforate hymen?

A

You may need to do surgical correction depending on the amount of tissue - otherwhise nothing

37
Q

What are some acquired defects that can lead to infertility?

A

Adhesions due to foaling trauma or metritis/endometritis

38
Q

What are some iatrogenic defects that can lead to infertility?

A

adhesions due to chlorhexidine and baytril

39
Q

What is the most common uterine neoplasia?

A

Leiomyoma

40
Q

What other neoplasias can occur in the uterus?

A

Leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, lymphosarcoma, and adenocarcinoma

41
Q

What is the normal chromosomal number in a mare?

A

64 or 32 pairs - 64 XX

42
Q

What are the chromosomal defects that can lead to infertility?

A

Turner’s Syndrome and 64XY

43
Q

What is the most common chromosomal abnormality in mares?

A

Truner’s syndrome

44
Q

What is Turner’s syndrome characterized by?

A

small ovaries, poorly developed uterus, and permanent anestrous

45
Q

What does 64XY cause and what is it due to?

A

sex reversal or testicular feminization - due to a missing SRY gene

46
Q

What is intersexuality?

A

It is true or pseudo-hermaphroditism

47
Q

What does intersexuality look like physically?

A

testicular tissue is present instead of ovaries

48
Q

Why does true or psuedo-hermaphroditism happen?

A

there is a failure to form normal internal female tract resulting in blind-ended vagina

49
Q

What is the cyclicity and behavior of a mare with intersecuality?

A

There is absence of cyclicity and stallion-like behavior

50
Q

When is intersexuality suspected?

A

early in life due to changes in the external genitalia

51
Q

What are the behavioral changes associated with granulosa (theca) cell tumor?

A

persistent anestrus, aggressive or stallion-like behavior, constant or erratic estrus

52
Q

Are granulosa cell tumors reported in foals?

A

yes

53
Q

How are granulosa cell tumors diagnosed?

A

transrectal palpation, transrectal ultrasound, and endocrinology

54
Q

How will the ovary feel on transrectal palpation if there is a granulosa cell tumor present?

A

the ovulation fossa is not present and the contralateral ovary is inactive and small

55
Q

What will the ovary appear like on ultrasound if there is a granulosa cell tumor?

A

There is no pathognomonic appearance - the most common appearance is multi-cystic structure - can also be unilocular cysts or solid throughout

56
Q

What will endocrinology results be if a mare has a granulosa cell tumor?

A

elevated inhibin, elevated testosterone, variable estradiol elvels, and elevated anti-mullerian hormone

57
Q

How are granulosa cell tumors treated?

A

surgical removal of the affected ovary

58
Q

Can mares resume cyclicity if an affected granulosa cell tumor is removed?

A

yes - 75% of mares will resume cyclicity on the remaining ovary within 1-2 years following removal

59
Q

Aside from granulosa cell tumors, what other ovarian tumors can mares get?

A

teratoma and serous cystadenomas

60
Q

How do teratomas affect cyclicity?

A

it may disrupt cyclicity

61
Q

True or False: Teratomas are difficult to diagnose?

A

True - ovarian enlargement is less pronounced and US findings are unremarkable

62
Q

What are serous cystadenomas?

A

multiple large cystic structures resembling normal follicles on transrectal palpation and ultrasound

63
Q

Do serous cystadenomas affect cyclicity?

A

no, but there are elevated testosterone levels

64
Q

What is the etiology of ovarian dysgenesis?

A

There are defects with the X chromosome - 63 XO, 65 XXX, or XY

65
Q

What history is related with ovarian dysgenesis?

A

May be non-specific and never foaled or been prognant

66
Q

What clinical signs are associated with ovarian dysgenesis?

A

They present for anestrus, erratic estrus, or constant estrus and have a shorter stature with increased hind limb angulation

67
Q

What is erratic estrus or constant estrus in mares with ovarian dysgenesis due to?

A

the lack of progesterone

68
Q

How is ovarian dysgenesis diagnosed?

A

transrectal palpation and ultrasound, and karyotyping

69
Q

What will you see if a mare has ovarian dysgenesis on ultrasound?

A

small, cylindrical ovaries with no follicular activity and the remainder of the reproductive tract is normal but immature due to the lack of gonadal steroids

70
Q

What are the ddx for ovarian dysgenesis?

A

seasonal anestrus, old mares, and mares with severe energy imbalance due to starvation or diseae

71
Q

What is the treatment associated with ovarian dysgenesis?

A

none

72
Q

What are the complications of endometrial cysts?

A

interfere with pregnancy, embryonic movement and fixation, and delivery of placental nutrition

73
Q

When is treatment for endometrial cysts necessary?

A

when the mare fails to conceive or suffers early embryonic loss for undiagnosed reasons

74
Q

What is the treatment for endometrial cysts?

A

cautery, rupture via biopsy instrument, or ablation via laser

Disturbances in Reproduction (49 decks)

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