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Disturbances in Reproduction > Bovine - Pregnancy and Parturition > Flashcards

Bovine - Pregnancy and Parturition Flashcards

1
Q

How long does standing estrus last?

A

12-18 hours

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2
Q

When does ovulation occur in relation to standing estrus?

A

10-16 hours after the end of standing estrus

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3
Q

How long does it take from the start of estrus to ovulation?

A

30 hours

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4
Q

When does insemination occur in relation to estrus/ovulation?

A

it occurs during estrus so that semen is present at the time of ovulation for fertilization (ampulla)

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5
Q

What is the viability of fresh semen?

A

36-48 hours

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6
Q

What is the viability of frozen semen?

A

12-24 hours (conventional) or 8 hours (sexed)

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7
Q

What is a sperm reservoir in a cow?

A

Sperm attaches to the wall of the oviduct, slows down their metabolic activity until there is a chemical response that reactivates them, then they unattach and move to the ampulla

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8
Q

What occurs here (1)?

A

retrograde loss, phagocytosis, entrance into cervix/uterus

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9
Q

What occurs here (2)?

A

privelaged pathways’, removal of non-motile sperm, removal of some abnormalities

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10
Q

What occurs here (3)?

A

capacitation initiated, phagocytosis

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11
Q

What occurs here (4)?

A

capacitation completed, hyperactive motility

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12
Q

What occurs here (5)?

A

acrosome reaction, spermatozoon penetrates oocyte, male and female pronuclei form

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13
Q

When must maternal recognition occur?

A

prior to luteolysis

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14
Q

What is needed to allow changes in the endometrium to support pregnancy?

A

progesterone

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15
Q

What is Interferon-T?

A

a signaling molecule

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16
Q

What is interferon-T produced by?

A

trophoblastic cells from the embryo

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17
Q

What does interferon-T do?

A

it blocks the release of prostaglandin from the endometrium - blocks oxytocin receptor

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18
Q

What cellular layer makes the placenta?

A

the trophoblasts cellular layer

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19
Q

When, during pregnancy, does attachment of the embryo begin and when is it completed?

A

it starts at day 20 and is completed by day 40

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20
Q

What type of placenta do cattle have?

A

cotyledonary

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21
Q

How many layers are in between the fetus and the dam in cattle?

A

6 layers - syndesmochorial

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22
Q

What are the parts of the placenta?

A

amnion, allantois, and chorion

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23
Q

How is pregnancy diagnosed in cattle?

A

rectal palpation, ultrasound, and blood tests (expensive)

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24
Q

What are the cardinal signs via rectal palpation of pregnancy?

A

fetus, amniotic vesicle, membrane slip, and placentomes

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25
Q

What are the advantages to doing ultrasound for pregancy testing?

A

fetal viability, fetal sexing, better twin diagnosis, and pathology

26
Q

What hormone is needed throughout pregnancy?

A

progesterone

27
Q

What provides the primary source of progesterone for the first 5 months of pregnancy?

A

the corpus luteum

28
Q

What provides progesterone from 6-8 months?

A

the placenta

29
Q

What provides progesterone in the last month of pregnancy?

A

the corpus luteum

30
Q

A.

A

fetal cortisol

31
Q

B.

A

placental P4

32
Q

C.

A

E2

33
Q

D.

A

increased secretion by reproductive tract

34
Q

E.

A

lubrication

35
Q

F.

A

increase in myometrial contractions

36
Q

G.

A

increase in pressure

37
Q

H.

A

increase in cervical stimulation

38
Q

I.

A

Increase in oxytocin

39
Q

J.

A

Maximum pressure

40
Q

K.

A

PGF2-alpha

41
Q

L.

A

Luteolysis

42
Q

M.

A

Relaxin

43
Q

N.

A

Pelvic ligament stretching

44
Q

What is the function of progesterone during pregnancy?

A

to inhibit or block myometrial activity (uterine quiescence)

45
Q

What causes the initiation of myometrial contractions?

A

removal of progesterone block by conversion of progesterone to estrogen by fetal cortisol - also allows PGF to be releaseed to aid in parturition

46
Q

What initiates stage 1 of parturition?

A

the fetus

47
Q

What occurs during stage 1 of parturition?

A

myometrial contractions and cerviccal dilation - prepares the fetus for delivery

48
Q

How long does stage 1 of parturition typically take?

A

2-6 hours

49
Q

What are the typical signs associated with stage 1 parturition?

A

separating from the herd (prey animals), mild contractions and moving around (up and down), and pelvic ligaments relax (relaxin)

50
Q

What occurs during stage 2 of parturition?

A

fetal expulsion - straining and strong contractions (ferguson reflex), breaking allantois, and breaking amnion

51
Q

How long does fetal expulsion typically take in cows? Heifers?

A

cows - 30-60 minutes, heifers - 2 hours

52
Q

What occurs during stage 3 of parturition?

A

fetal membrane expulsion

53
Q

How long does fetal membrane expulson typically take?

A

6-12 hours

54
Q

When should you consider that there is a retained fetal membrane?

A

after 12 hours

55
Q

What must happen in order for the fetal membrane to be dislodged?

A

chorionic villi must dislodge from crypts on the endometrium (caruncles)

56
Q

When would you want to induce parturition?

A

mismating or to induce it prior to the due date

57
Q

What can you give prior to 150 days of pregnancy to induce parturition?

A

PGF

58
Q

What can you give after 150 days of pregnancy to induce parturition?

A

dexamethasone and PGF

59
Q

When trying to induce a viable calf early, what exogenous drugs can be used?

A

PGF, dexamethasone, or PGF and dexamethasone

60
Q

What role does dexamethasone play when inducing parturition?

A

mimic fetal cortisol

Disturbances in Reproduction (49 decks)

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